CABEIRL  in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor deities, of whose See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship nothing certain is known . Their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seats of worship were the islands of See also:

• LEMNOS (mod. Limnos)

Lemnos, See also:

• IMBROS

Imbros and See also:

• SAMOTHRACE (Turk. Semadrek)

Samothrace, the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Troas, Thessalia and See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia . The name appears to be of Phoenician origin, signifying the " See also:

• GREAT

great " gods, and the Cabeiri seem to have been deities of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea who protected sailors and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, as such often identified with the Dioscuri, the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of their presence being St Elmo's See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . Originally the Cabeiri were two in number, an older identified with See also:

• HEPHAESTUS

Hephaestus (or See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus), and a younger identified with See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, who in the Samothracian mysteries was called Cadmilus or Casmilus . Their cult at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date was See also:

• UNITED

united with that of See also:

• DEMETER

Demeter and Kore, with the result that two pairs of Cabeiri appeared, Hephaestus and Demeter, and Cadmilus and Kore . According to Mnaseas' (quoted by the scholiast on See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius 917) they were four in number: Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokersos, Casmilus . It is there stated that Axieros is Demeter; Axiokersa, Persephone ; Axiokersos, Hades; and Casmilus, Hermes . The substitution of Hades for Hephaestus is due to the fact that Hades was regarded as the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Persephone . Cabeiro, who is mentioned in the logographers Acusilaus and Pherecydes as the wife of Hephaestus, is identical with Demeter, who indeed is expressly called KaOeipLa in See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquarians identified the Cabeiri with the three Capitoline deities or with the See also:

• PENATES (from Lat. palms, eatables, food)

Penates . In Lemnos an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual festival of the Cabeiri was held, lasting nine days, during which all the fires were extinguished and fire brought from See also:

• DELOS

Delos . From this fact and from the statement of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo x. p .

473, that the See also:

• FATHER

father of the Cabeiri was See also:

• CAMILLUS
• CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS

Camillus, a son of Hephaestus, the Cabeiri have been thought to be, like the See also:

• CORYBANTES (Gr. Kopb(3avrer)

Corybantes, See also:

• CURETES (Gr. Kobprjres and KovA-res)

Curetes and Dactyli, demons of volcanic fire . But this view is not now generally held . In Lemnos they fostered the See also:

• VINE

vine and fruits of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and from their connexion with Hermes in Samothrace it would also seem that they promoted the fruitfulness of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . By far the most important seat of their worship was Samothrace . Here, as early as the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B. c., their mysteries, possibly under Athenian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, attracted great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation was looked upon as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general safeguard against all misfortune . But it was in the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great that their cult reached its height . See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius Poliorcetes, See also:

• LYSIMACHUS (c. 355—281 B.C.)

Lysimachus and See also:

• ARSINOE

Arsinoe regarded the Cabeiri with especial favour, and initiation was sought, not only by large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of pilgrims, but by persons of distinction . Initiation included also an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum or See also:

• REFUGE

refuge within the strong walls of Samothrace, for which purpose it was used among others by Arsinoe, who, to show her gratitude, afterwards caused a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to be erected there, the ruins of which were explored in ' A grammarian of Patrae in See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea (or See also:

• PATARA

Patara in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia), See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Eratosthenes (275–195 a.c.), and author of a periplus and a collection of Delphic oracles . 1874 by an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian archaeological expedition . In 1888 interesting details as to the Boeotian cult of the Cabeiri were obtained by the excavations of their See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple in the neighbourhood of Thebes, conducted by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German archaeological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute . The two male deities worshipped were Cabeiros and a boy: the Cabeiros resembles Dionysus, being represented on vases as lying on a See also:

• COUCH, DARIUS NASH (1822-1897)

couch, his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head surrounded with a See also:

• GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

garland of See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy, a drinking See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup in his right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; and accompanied by See also:

• MAENADS (Gr. MatvaSes, frenzied women)

maenads and See also:

• SATYRS (SATYRI)

satyrs . The boy is probably his cup-See also:

• BEARER

bearer .

The Cabeiri were held in even greater esteem by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, who regarded themselves as descendants of the Trojans, whose ancestor See also:

• DARDANUS

Dardanus (himself identified in heroic See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend with one of the Cabeiri) came from Samothrace . The See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the three Capitoline deities with the Penates, and of these with the Cabeiri, tended to increase this feeling . See C . A . See also:

• LOBECK, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1781-186o)

Lobeck, Aglaophamus (1829); F . G . See also:

• WELCKER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1784-1868)

Welcker, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Aeschylische Trilogie and die Kabirenweihe zu Lemnos (1824) ; J . P . Rossignol, See also:

• LES

Les Metaux dans l'antiquite (1863), discussing the gods of Samothrace (the Dactyli, the Cabeiri, the Corybantes, the Curetes, and the Telchines) as workers in See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, and the religious origin of metallurgy; O . Rubensohn, Die Mysterienheiligtumer in See also:

• ELEUSIS

Eleusis and Samothrake (1892); W . H . See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher, Lexikon der Mythologie (s.v .

" Megaloi Theoi "); L . See also:

• PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (1804–1878)
• PRELLER, LUDWIG (1809–1861)

Preller, Griechische Mythologie (4th ed., appendix) ; and the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by F . See also:

• LENORMANT, FRANCOIS (1837–1883)

Lenormant in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des Antiquites .