See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

CABLE (from See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)  , a large rope or See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, used generally with See also:

• SHIPS

ships, but often employed for other purposes; the See also:

• TERM

term " See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable " is alsoused by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor varieties of similar See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering or other attachments, and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of " electric cables " for the sub-marine wires (see See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

TELEGRAPH) by which telegraphic messages are transmitted.' The cable by which a See also:

• SHIP

ship rides at her See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor is now made of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron; See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1811 only hempen cables were supplied to ships of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVY

navy, a first-See also:

• RATE

rate's See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian station being eleven; the largest was 25 in . (equal to 2q in. iron cable) and weighed 6 tons . In 1811, iron cables were supplied to stationary ships; their superiority over hempen ones was See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest, as they were less liable to foul or to be cut by rocks, or to be injured by enemy's shot . Iron cables are also handier and cleaner, an offensive odour being exhaled from dirty hempen cables, when unbent and stowed inboard . The first patent for iron cables was by See also:

• PHILLIP, JOHN (1817-1867)

Phillip See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White in 1634; See also:

• TWISTED

twisted links were suggested in 1813 by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown (who afterwards, in See also:

• CON

con-junction with Brown, See also:

• LENOX

Lenox & Co., planned the See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton chain See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier in 1823); and studs were introduced in 1816 . Hempen cables are not now supplied to ships, having been superseded by See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire hawsers . The length of a hempen cable is 1o1 fathoms, and a cable's length, as a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of measurement, usually placed on charts, is assumed to be too fathoms or 600 ft . The sizes, number and lengths of cables supplied to ships of the British navy are given in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official publication, the Ship's See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

Establishment; cables for See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant ships are regulated by Lloyds, and are tested according to the Anchors and Chain Cables See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1899 . In manufacturing chain cables, the bars are cut to the required length of See also:

• LINK

link, at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle for forming the welds and, after See also:

• HEATING

heating, are See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent by machinery to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a link and welded by smiths, each link being inserted in the previous one before See also:

• WELDING (i.e. the action of the verb " to weld," the same word as " to well," to boil or spring up, the history of the word being to boil, to heat to a high degree, to beat heated iron; according to Skeat, who points out that in Swedish the compound verb

welding . Cables of less than 14 in. are welded at the See also:

• CROWN

crown, there not being sufficient See also:

• ROOM

room for a See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side weld; experience has shown that the latter method is preferable and it is employed in making larger sized cables . In 1898 steel studs were introduced instead of See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast iron ones, the latter having a tendency to See also:

• WORK

work loose, but the practice is not universal . After testing, the licensed See also:

• TESTER (Fr, teetiere, head-covering, from teete)

tester must See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on every five fathoms of cable a distinctive See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark which also indicates the testing establishments; the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp or See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die employed must be approved by the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade .

The iron used in the construction, also the testing, of mooring chains and cables for the See also:

• LONDON

London Trinity See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation are subject to more stringent regulations . Cables for the British navy and See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine are supplied in 122 See also:

• FATHOM

fathom and 15 fathom lengths respectively, connected together by " joining shackles," D (fig . 1) . Each length is 401 AT\ = ~ P~~It•---fie V' \See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air C " marked " by pieces of iron wire being twisted See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the studs of the links; the wire is placed on the first studs on each side of the first shackle, on the second studs on each side of the second shackle, and so on; thus the number of lengths of cable out is clearly indicated . For instance, if the wire is on the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth 1 The word " cable " is a various See also:

• READING

reading for " See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel " in the Biblical phrase, " it is easier for a camel to go through the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of a See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle " of Matt. xix . 24, Mark x . 25, and See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke xviii . 25, mentioned as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria (5th cent.); and it was adopted by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CHEKE, SIR JOHN (1514-1557)

Cheke and other 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and later See also:

• ENGLISH

English writers . The reading K&µiaos for Kaµ7IXos is found in several See also:

• LATE

late cursive See also:

• MSS

MSS . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, in the Ency . Biblica, ascribes it to a non-Semitic See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe, and regards K4 0os as correct . (See under CAMEL.) C ) C T N studs on each side of the shackle, it indicates that six lengths or 75 fathoms of cable are out .

In joining the lengths together, the round end of the shackle is placed towards the anchor . The end links of each length (C.C.) are made without studs, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to take the shackle; but as studs increase the strength of a link, in a studless or open link the iron is of greater See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . The next links (B.B.) have to be enlarged, in order to take the increased See also:

• SIZE

size of the links C.C . In the joining shackle (D), the See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin is See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, its greater diameter being in the direction of the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . The pin of a shackle, which attaches the cable to the anchor (called an "anchor shackle," to distinguish it from a joining shackle) projects and is secured by a forelock; but since any See also:

• PROJECTION

projection in a joining shackle would be liable to be injured when the cable is See also:

• RUNNING

running out or when passing around a See also:

• CAPSTAN (also spelt in other forms, or as " capstock " and " cable stock," connected with the O. Fr. capestan or cabestan, from Lat. capistrum, a halter, capere, to take hold of; the conjecture that it came from the Span. cobra, goat, and estanto, standin

capstan, the pins are made as shown at D, and are secured by a small pin d . This small pin is kept from coming out by being made a little See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead pellets are driven in at either end to fill up the holes in the shackle, which are made with a groove, so that as the pellets are driven in they expand or dovetail, keeping the small pin in its place.' The cables are stowed in chain lockers, the inboard ends being secured by a " slip " (in the mercantile marine the cable is often shackled or lashed to the kelson); the slip prevents the cable's inner end from passing overboard, and also enables the cable to be " slipped," or let go, in case of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity . In the British navy, swivel pieces are fitted in the first and last lengths of cable, to avoid and, if required, to take out turns in a cable, caused by a ship swinging round when at anchor . With a ship moored with two anchors, the cables are secured to a mooring swivel (fig . 2), which prevents a " foul hawse," i.e. the cables being entwined round each other . When mooring, unmooring, and as may be necessary, cables are temporarily secured by "slips" Fm . 2.–Mooring Swivel . shackled to eye or See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring bolts in the See also:

• DECK

deck (see ANCHOR) .

The cable is See also:

• HOVE

hove up by either a capstan or windlass (see CAPSTAN) actuated by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity or See also:

• MANUAL

manual See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Ships in the British navy usually ride by the See also:

• COMPRESSOR

compressor, the cable holder being used for checking the cable running out . When a ship has been given the necessary cable, the cable holder is eased up and the compressor " bowsed to "; in a heavy See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, a turn, or if necessary two turns, are taken round the " bitts," a strong iron structure placed between the hawse and See also:

• NAVEL (O. Eng. nafela, a word common to Teutonic languages; of. Ger. Nobel, Swed. nafvel; the Sanskrit is nabhila; the English root is also seen in " nave," the hub of a wheel)

navel (" deck ") pipes . A single turn of cable is often taken round the bitts when anchoring in deep See also:

• WATER

water . Small vessels of the mercantile marine ride by turns around the windlass; in larger or more See also:

• MODERN

modern vessels fitted with a steam windlass, the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction brakes take the strain, aided when required by the bitts, compressor or controller in See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . (J . W .