See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

CADIZ (in See also:

• LAT

Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seaport of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz; on the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Cadiz, an inlet of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, in 36° 27' N. and 6° 12' W., 94 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville . Pop . (1900) 69,382 . Cadiz is built on the extremity of a See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue of See also:

• LAND

land, projecting about 5 M. into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, in a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction from the See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla de See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon . Its See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble bay, more than 30 M. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and almost entirely land-locked by the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus and the headlands which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, has principally contributed to its commercial importance . The See also:

• OUTER

outer bay stretches from the promontory and See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

Rota to the mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river Guadalete; the inner bay, protected by the forts of Matagorda and Puntales, affords generally See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorage, and contains a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour formed by a projecting See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole, where vessels of small See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden may See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge . The entrance to the bays is rendered somewhat dangerous by the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low shelving rocks (Cochinos and See also:

• LAS

Las Puercas) which encumber the passage, and by the shifting See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of mud deposited by the Guadalete and the Rio Santi Petri, a broad channel separating the Isla de Leon from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main-land . At the mouth of this channel is the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Caracca; See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close beside it is the important See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal of See also:

• SAN

San Fernando (q.v.); and on the isthmus are the defensive See also:

• WORKS

works known as the Cortadura, or Fort San Fernando, and the well-frequented sea-bathing establishments . From its almost insular position Cadiz enjoys a mild and serene See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . The See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina, or land-See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, so-called because it blows from the direction of Medina Sidonia, prevails during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter; the moisture-laden Viraz6n, a westerly sea-See also:

• BREEZE

breeze, IV . 30929 sets in with the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 64° F., while the mean summer and winter temperatures vary only about Io° above and below this point; but the See also:

• DAM

dam See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere is very oppressive in summer, and its unhealthiness is enhanced by the inadequate drainage and the masses of rotting seaweed piled along the See also:

• SHORE

shore .

The high See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• RATE

rate, nearly 45 per thousand, is also due to the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, the water being either collected in cisterns from the tops of the houses, or brought at See also:

• GREAT

great expense from See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria on the opposite See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast by an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct nearly 30 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . An See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COMPANY

company started a waterworks in Cadiz about 1875, but came to grief through the incapacity of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to appreciate its See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, which 1s 6 or 7 M. an circumference, is surrounded by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall with five See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, one of which communicates with the isthmus . Seen from a distance off the coast, it presents a magnificent display of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white turrets rising majestically from the sea; and for the uniformity and elegance of its buildings, it must certainly be ranked as one of the finest cities of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, although, being hemmed in on all sides, its streets and squares are necessarily contracted . Every See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house annually receives a coating of whitewash, which, when it is new, produces a disagree-able glare . The city is distinguished by its somewhat deceptive See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of cleanliness, its quiet streets, where no wheeled See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic passes, and its lavish use of white See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble . But the most characteristic feature of Cadiz is the marine promenades, fringing the city all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round between the ramparts and the sea, especially that called the See also:

• ALAMEDA

Alameda, on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, commanding a view of the -See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping in the bay and the ports on the opposite shore . The houses are generally lofty and surmounted by turrets and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs in the Moorish See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . Cadiz is the see of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, who is See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan to the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Seville, but its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief conventual and monastic institutions have been suppressed . Of its two cathedrals, one was originally erected by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso X. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile (1252-1284), and rebuilt after r596; the other, begun in 1722, was completed between 1832 and 1838 . Under the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the old See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral rises the only See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater spring in Cadiz . The chief See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings include the Hospicio, or Casa de Misericordia, adorned with a marble See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico, and having an interior See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court with Doric colonnades; the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, with See also:

• ROOM

room for 12,000 spectators; the two theatres, the See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-house, and the lighthouse of San See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian on the western side rising 17 2 ft. from the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock on which it stands .

Besides the Hospicio already mentioned, which sometimes contains r000 inmates, there are numerous other charitable institutions, such as the See also:

• WOMEN

women's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the foundling institution, the admirable Hospicio de San Juan de Dios for men, and the lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum . Gratuitous instruction is given to a large number of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and there are several mathematical and commercial See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies, maintained by different commercial corporations, a nautical school, a school of See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, a theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary and a flourishing medical school . The museum is filled for the most See also:

• PART

part with See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and Carthaginian coins and other antiquities; the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy contains a valuable collection of pictures . In the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Santa Catalina, which formerly belonged to the Capuchin See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent, now secularized, there is an unfinished picture of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, by See also:

• MURILLO, BARTOLOME ESTEBAN (1617-1682)

Murillo, who met his death by falling from the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold on which he was See also:

• PAINTING

painting it (3rd of See also:

• APRIL

April 1682) . Cadiz no longer ranks among the first marine cities of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Its harbour works are insufficient and antiquated, though a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for their improvement was adopted in 1903; its communications with the mainland consist of a road and a single See also:

• LINE

line of railway; its inhabitants, apart from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign residents and a few of the more enterprising merchants, See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest contented with such prosperity as a See also:

• FINE

fine natural harbour and an unsurpassed See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical situation cannot fail to confer . Several great shipping lines See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call here; See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards and various factories exist on the mainland; and there is a considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the exportation of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, principally See also:

• SHERRY

sherry from Jerez, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives, See also:

• FIGS

figs, See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

canary-See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed and ready-made corks; and in the importation of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and machinery, See also:

• BUILDING

building materials, See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak staves for casks, &c . In 1904, 2753 See also:

• SHIPS

ships of 1,745,588 tons II entered the See also:

• PORT

port . But See also:

• LOCAL

local trade, though still considerable, remains stationary if it does not actually recede . Its decline, originally due to the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars and the acquisition of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence by many Spanish colonies See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was already recognised, and an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made to check it in 1828, when the Spanish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government declared Cadiz a See also:

• FREE

free warehousing port; but this valuable See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was withdrawn in 1832 . Among the more See also:

• MODERN

modern causes of depression have been the rivalry of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar and Seville; the decreasing demand for sherry; and the disasters of the Spanish-American See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1898, which almost ruined local See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce with See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba and See also:

• PORTO

Porto Rico . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Cadiz represents the Sem .

Agadir, Gadir, or Gaddir (" stronghold ") of the Carthaginians, the Gr . Gadeira, and the See also:

• LAT

Lat . Gades . Tradition ascribes its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to Phoenician merchants from See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre, as early as 'See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo B.C.; and in the 7th century it had already become the great mart of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west for See also:

• AMBER

amber and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin from the See also:

• CASSITERIDES (from the Gr. Kavo-irepos, tin, i.e. " Tin-islands ")

Cassiterides (q.v.) . About 501 B.C. it was occupied by the Carthaginians, who made it their See also:

• BASE

base for the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Iberia, and in the 3rd century for the equipment of the armaments with which See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal undertook to destroy the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . But the See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of Gades, already weakened by trade rivalry with See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, gave way after the second Punic War . Its citizens welcomed the victorious See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and assisted them in turn to See also:

• FIT

fit out an expedition against Carthage . Thenceforward, its rapidly-growing trade in dried See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and See also:

• MEAT

meat, and in all the produce of the fertile Baetis (See also:

• GUADALQUIVIR (ancient Baetis, Moorish Wadi al Kebir, "the Great River ")

Guadalquivir) valley, attracted many See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek settlers; while men of learning, such as See also:

• PYTHEAS

Pytheas in the 4th century B.C., See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius and See also:

• ARTEMIDORUS

Artemidorus of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus in the 2nd, and See also:

• POSIDONIUS (c. 130-50 B.C.)

Posidonius in the 1st, came to study the ebb and flow of its tides, unparalleled in the Mediterranean . C . See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar conferred the civitas of Rome on all its citizens in 49 B.C.; and, not long after L . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• BALBUS

Balbus See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor built what was called the " New City," constructed the harbour which is now known as Puerto Real, and spanned the strait of Santi Petri with the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge which unites the Isla de Leon with the mainland, and is now known as the Puente de Zuazo, after Juan See also:

• SANCHEZ

Sanchez de Zuazo, who restored it in the' 5th century . Under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, when it was the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of no fewer than 500 See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

equites, a See also:

• TOTAL

total only surpassed in Rome and See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, Gades was made a See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium with the name of See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Urbs Gaditana, and its citizens ranked next to those of Rome .

In the 1st century A.D. it was the birthplace or See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of several famous authors, including See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius See also:

• COLUMELLA, LUCIUS JUNIUS MODERATUS

Columella, poet and writer on husbandry; but it was more renowned for gaiety and luxury than for learning . See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal and See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial write of Jocosae Gades, " Cadiz the Joyous," as naturally as the modern Andalusian speaks of Cadiz la Joyosa; and throughout the Roman world its See also:

• COOKERY (Lat. coquus, a cook)

cookery and its dancing-girls were famous . In the 5th century, however, the overthrow of Roman dominion in Spain by the Visigoths involved Cadiz in destruction . A few fragments of See also:

• MASONRY

masonry, submerged under the sea, are almost all that remains of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original city . Moorish See also:

• RULE

rule over the port, which was re-named Jezirat-Kadis, lasted from 711 until 1262, when Cadiz was captured, rebuilt and repeopled by Alphonso X. of Castile . Its renewed prosperity See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1492 . As the headquarters of the Spanish treasure fleets, it soon recovered its position as the wealthiest port of westernEurope,and consequently it was a favourite point of attack for the enemies of Spain . During the 16th century it repelled a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of raids by the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary corsairs; in 1587 all the shipping in its harbour was burned by the English See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake; in 1596 the See also:

• FLEET

fleet of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard sacked the city, and destroyed See also:

• FORTY

forty See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant vessels and thirteen warships . This disaster necessitated the rebuilding of Cadiz on a new See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . 'Its recovered See also:

• WEALTH

wealth tempted the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bucking-See also:

• HAM

ham to promote the fruitless expedition to Cadiz of 1626; See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years later See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• BLAKE, EDWARD (1833– )
• BLAKE, ROBERT (1599-1657)
• BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827)

Blake blockaded the harbour in an endeavour to intercept the treasure fleet; and in 1702 another attack was made by the See also:

• BRITISH

British under Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• ROOKE, SIR GEORGE (1650-1709)

Rooke and the duke of See also:

• ORMONDE, EARL AND MARQUESS OF
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 1ST DUKE
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 2ND DUKE OF (1665-1745)

Ormonde . During the 18th century the wealth of Cadiz became greater than ever; from 1720 to 1765, when it forms amalgams with See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, and on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account has been enjoyed a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the trade with Spanish America, the city I employed in See also:

• DENTISTRY (from Lat. dens, a tooth)

dentistry for the purpose of stopping (or filling) annually imported See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver to the value of about 5,000,000 . With the closing years of the century, however, it entered upon a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of misfortune .

From See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1797 to April 1798 it was blockaded by the British fleet, after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Cape St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent; and in 1800 it was bombarded by See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson . In 1808 the citizens captured a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French squadron which was imprisoned by the British fleet in the inner bay . From February 1810 until the duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington raised the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1812, Cadiz resisted the French forces sent to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture it; and during these two years it served as the capital of all Spain which could See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Here, too, the See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes met and promulgated the famous Liberal constitution of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1812 . To secure a renewal of this constitution, the citizens revolted in 1820; the revolution spread throughout Spain; the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII., was imprisoned at Cadiz, which again became the seat of the Cortes; and foreign intervention alone checked the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement towards reform . A French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, under the duc d'See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, seized Cadiz in 1823, secured the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of Ferdinand and suppressed Liberalism . In 1868 the city was the centre of the revolution which effected the dethronement of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella . See Sevilla y Cadiz, See also:

• SUS

sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza a historia, an illustrated See also:

• VOLUME

volume in the series " Espana," by P. de Madrazo (See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, 1884) ; Recuerdos Gaditanos, a very full history of local affairs, by J . M . Leon y Dominguez (Cadiz, 1897) ; Historic de Cadiz y de su provincia desde los remotos tiempos hasta 1824, by A. de See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro (Cadiz, 1858) ; and Description historico-artistica de la catedral de Cadiz, by J. de Urrutia (Cadiz, 1843) .