See also:

• CALAH (so in the Bible; Kaiak in the Assyrian inscriptions)

CALAH (so in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible; Kaiak in the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city situated in the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle formed by the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris and the upper Zab, 19 in . S. of See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, and one of the capitals of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria . According to' the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, it was built by See also:

• SHALMANESER [Ass. Sulmanu-afarid, " the god Sulman (Solomon) is chief "]

Shalmaneser I. about 1300 B.c., as a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence city in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the older See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur . After that it seems to have fallen into decay or been destroyed, but was restored by Assur-nasir-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal, about 88o B.C., and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to the overthrow of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power it remained a residence city of the Assyrian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . It shared the See also:

• FATE

fate of Nineveh, was captured and destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians toward the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and from that time has remained a ruin . The site was discovered by See also:

• SIR

Sir A . H . See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard, in 1845, in the tel of Nimrud . See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew tradition (in the J narrative, See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis x . I1, 12) mentions See also:

• CALAH (so in the Bible; Kaiak in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Calah as built by See also:

• NIMROD (-`s??, -i=s; Septuagint, Nef3pc5£: various reading in Gen. x. 8, Nef3p6av: Vulg. Nemrod)

Nimrod . See also:

• MODERN

Modern Arabic tradition likewise ascribes the ruins, like those of Birs Nimrud, near See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, to Nimrod, because they are the most prominent ruins of that region . Similarly the ancient See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike in the See also:

• RIVER

river Tigris at this point is ascribed to Nimrod .

The ruin mounds of Nimrud consist of an oblong enclosure, formed by the walls of the ancient city, of which fifty-eight towers have been traced on the N. and about fifty on the E . In the S.W. corner of this oblong is an elevated See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a rectangular parallelogram, some boo yds. from N. to S. and 400 yds. from E. to W., raised on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average about 40 ft. above the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, with a lofty See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone 140 ft. high in the N.W. corner . This is the remains of the raised plat-form of unbaked See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, faced with baked bricks and See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, on which stood the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal palaces and temples of the city, the cone at the N.W. representing the ziggurat, or See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, of the principal See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . Originally on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Tigris, this platform now stands some distance E. of the river . Here Layard conducted excavations from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1849 to 1851 . The means at his disposal were inadequate, his excavations were incomplete and also unscientific in that his See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• OBJECT

object was the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of inscriptions and museum See also:

• OBJECTS

objects; but he was wonderfully successful in achieving the results at which he aimed, and the numerous statues, monuments, inscribed stones, See also:

• BRONZE

bronze objects and the like found by him in the ruins of Calah are among the most See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious possessions of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . Excavations were also conducted by Hormuzd Rassan in 1852-1854, and again in 1878, and by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith in 1873 . But while supplementing in some important respects Layard's excavations, this later See also:

• WORK

work added relatively little to his discoveries whether of objects or of facts . The principal buildings discovered at Calah are :—(a) the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the ziggurat, one of the most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and perfect Assyrian buildings known, about 350 ft. square, consisting of a central See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, 129 ft. by 90 ft., surrounded by a number of halls and See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers . This palace was originally constructed by Assur-nasir-pal I . (885-86o B.C.), and restored and reoccupied by See also:

• SARGON

Sargon (722-705 B.C.) . In it were found the winged lions, now in the British Museum,. the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of sculptured bas-reliefs glorifying the deeds of Assur-nasir-pal in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and the large collection of bronze vessels and implements, numbering over 200 pieces; (b) the Central palace, in the interior of the See also:

• MOUND

mound, toward its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end, erected by Shalmaneser II .

(86o-825 B.C.) and rebuilt by Tiglath-pileser III . (745-727 B.C.) . Here were found the famous See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk of Shalmaneser, now in the British Museum, in the inscription on which the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute of See also:

• JEHU

Jehu, son of See also:

• OMRI

Omri, is mentioned, the See also:

• GREAT

great winged bulls, and also a fine series of slabs representing the battles and sieges of Tiglath-pileser; (c) the South-West palace, in the S.W. corner of the platform, an uncompleted See also:

• BUILDING

building of Esarhaddon (681-668 B.C.), who robbed the North-West and Central palaces, effacing the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser, to obtain material for his construction; (d) the smaller West palace, between the South-West and the North-West palaces, a construction of See also:

• HADAD

Hadad-nirari or Adadnirari III . (812-783 B.C.); (e) the South-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East palace, built by Assur-eti1-ilani, after 626 B.C., for his See also:

• HAREM

harem, in the S.E. corner of the platform, above the remains of an older similar palace of Shalmaneser; (f) two small temples of Assur-nasir-pal, in connexion with the ziggurat in the N.W. corner; and (g) a temple called E-Zida, and dedicated to See also:

• NEBO, or NABU (" the proclaimer ")

Nebo, near the South-East palace . From the number of See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal figures of Nebo discovered here it 965 would appear that the cult of Nebo was a favourite one, at least during the later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The other buildings on the E. See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the platform had been ruined by the See also:

• POST

post-Assyrian use of the mound for a See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, and for tunnels for the storage and concealment of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain . While the ruins of Calah were remarkably See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in monumental material, enamelled bricks, bronze and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory objects and the like, they yielded few of the inscribed See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay tablets found in such great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers at Nineveh and various Babylonian sites . Not a few of the astrological and See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen tablets in the Kuyunjik collection of the British Museum, however, although found at Nineveh, were executed, according to their own testimony, at Calah for the See also:

• RAB

rab-dup-sarre or principal librarian during the reigns of Sargon and See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib (716-684 B.C.) . From this it would appear that there was at that time at Calah a library or a collection of archives which was later removed to Nineveh . In the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of antiquity and religious renown, Calah was inferior to the older See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Assur, while in See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general importance it was much inferior to the neighbouring Nineveh . There is no proper ground for regarding it, as some Biblical scholars of a former See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation did, through a false See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah, as a See also:

• PART

part or suburb of Nineveh . See A .

H . Layard, Nineveh and its Remains (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1849); George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries (London, 1883); Hormuzd See also:

• RASSAM, HORMUZD (1826-1910)

Rassam, Ashur and the See also:

• LAND

Land of Nimrod (London and New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1897) . (J . P .