CALAMINE  , a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• SPECIES

species consisting of See also:

• ZINC

zinc carbonate, ZnCO3, and forming an important ore of zinc . It is See also:

• RHOMBOHEDRAL

rhombohedral in See also:

• CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization and isomorphous with See also:

• CALCITE

calcite and See also:

• CHALYBITE

chalybite . Distinct crystals are somewhat rare; they have the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive rhombohedron ('=72° 20'), the faces of which are generally curved and rough . Botryoidal and stalactitic masses are more See also:

• COMMON

common, or again the mineral may be compact and granular or loose and earthy . As in the other rhombohedral See also:

• CARBONATES

carbonates, the crystals possess perfect cleavages parallel to the faces of the rhombohedron . The hardness is 5; specific gravity, 4.4 . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the pure mineral is See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white; more often it is brownish, sometimes See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green or See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue: a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright-yellow variety containing See also:

• CADMIUM (symbol Cd, atomic weight 112.4 (0=16))

cadmium has been found in See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas, and is known locally as " See also:

• TURKEY

turkey-See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat ore." The pure material contains 52% of zinc, but this is often partly replaced isomorphously by small amounts of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese, traces of See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium and See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium, and sometimes by See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper or cadmium . Calamine is found in beds and See also:

• VEINS

veins in See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone rocks, and is often associated with See also:

• GALENA

galena and See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende . It is a product of alteration of blende, having been formed from this by the See also:

• ACTION

action of carbonated See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters; or in many cases the zinc sulphide may have been first oxidized to sulphate, which in See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution acted on the surrounding limestone, producing zinc carbonate . The latter mode of origin is suggested by the frequent occurrence of calamine pseudomorphous after calcite, that is, having the form of calcite crystals . Deposits of calamine have been extensively See also:

• MINED

mined in the limestones of the Mendip Hills, in See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, and at See also:

• ALSTON
• ALSTON, CHARLES (1683-176o)

Alston See also:

• MOOR

Moor in See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland . It also occurs in large amount in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SANTANDER
• SANTANDER (ancient Portus Blendium or Fanum S. Andreae)

Santander in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, in See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, and at several other places where zinc ores are mined .

The best crystals of the mineral were found many years ago at Chessy near See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons; these are rhombohedra of a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple-green colour . A translucent botryoidal calamine banded with blue and green is found at Laurion in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, and has sometimes been cut and polished for small ornaments such as brooches . The name calamine (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Galmei), from lapis calaminaris, a Latin corruption of cadmia (Kabala), the old name for zinc ores in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general (G . See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola in 1546 derived it from the Latin calamus, a See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed), was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early used indiscriminately for the carbonate and the hydrous silicate of zinc, and even now both species are included by miners under tie same See also:

• TERM

term . The two minerals often closely resemble each other in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and can usually only be distinguished by chemical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis; they were first so distinguished by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• SMITHSON, HENRIETTA CONSTANCE (1800-1854)
• SMITHSON, JAMES (1765-1829)

Smithson in 1803 . F . S . See also:

• BEUDANT, FRANCOIS SULPICE (1787—1850)

Beudant in 1832 restricted the name calamine to the hydrous silicate and proposed the name " smithsonite " for the carbonate, and these meanings of the terms are now adopted by See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819–'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana and many other mineralogists . Unfortunately, however, in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (following See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke and See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller, 1852) these designations have been reversed, calamine being used for the carbonate and smithsonite for the silicate . This unfortunate confusion is somewhat lessened by the use of the terms zinc-spar and See also:

• HEMIMORPHITE

hemimorphite (q.v.) for the carbonate and silicate respectively . (L . J .

S.) 966 fine high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; its lofty See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower serves as a landmark for sailors . A gateway flanked by turrets (14th century) is a relic of the H6tel de See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise, built as a gild See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall for the See also:

• ENGLISH

English woolstaplers, and given to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Guise as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for the recapture of See also:

• CALAIS

Calais . The See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• TOWN

town-hall and a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the 19th century are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief buildings of the See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre . Calais has a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-arbitrators, a tribunal and a chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a commercial and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial school, and a communal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is entered from the roads by way of a channel leading to the See also:

• OUTER

outer harbour which communicates with a floating See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin 22 acres in extent, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and with the older and less commodious portion of the harbour to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the old town . The harbour is connected by canals with the See also:

• RIVER

river Aa and the navigable waterways of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . Calais is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PORT

port for the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental passenger See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic with England carried on by the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-Eastern & See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham and the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average number of passengers between See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover and Calais for the years 1902–1906 inclusive was 315,012 . Trade is chiefly with the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . The principal exports are wines, especially See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

champagne, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, See also:

• STRAW

straw, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, potatoes, See also:

• WOVEN

woven goods, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-See also:

• WARE

ware, See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-ware . Imports include See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• SILK

silk goods, See also:

• COAL

coal, iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, raw wool, cotton See also:

• YARN

yarn and See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork . During the five years 1901–1905 the average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual value of exports was £8,388,000 (£6,363,000 in the years 1896-1900), of imports £4,145,000 (£3,759,000 in 1896–1900) .

In 1905, exclusive of passenger and See also:

• MAIL

mail boats, there entered the port 848 vessels of 312,477 tons and cleared 857 of 305,284 tons, these being engaged in the general carrying trade of the port . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Calais is the manufacture of See also:

• TULLE

tulle and lace, for which it is the chief centre in France . See also:

• BREWING

Brewing, saw-milling, See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-See also:

• BUILDING

building, and the manufacture of biscuits, See also:

• SOAP

soap and submarine cables are also carried on . Deep-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast fishing for See also:

• COD

cod, See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring and See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel employ over r000 of the inhabitants . Calais was a See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty fishing-See also:

• VILLAGE

village, with a natural harbour at the mouth of a stream, till the end of the loth century . It was first improved by See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin IV., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, in 997, and afterwards, in 1224, was regularly fortified by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Hurepel, count of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne . It was besieged in 1346, after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• CRECY (Cressy)

Crecy, by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. and held out resolutely by the bravery of See also:

• JEAN

Jean de See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne, its See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, till after nearly a See also:

• YEAR

year's See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine forced it to surrender . Its inhabitants were saved from See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre by the devotion of Eustache de St Pierre and six of the chief citizens, who were themselves spared at the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Philippa . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city remained in the hands of the English till 1558 , when it was taken by See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, duke of Guise, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of 30,000 men from the See also:

• ILL

ill-provided English See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, only 800 strong, after a siege of seven days . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the Calaisis or territory of Calais was known as the Pays Reconquis . It was held by the Spaniards from 1595 to 1598, but was restored to France by the treaty of Vervins .