CALEDONIA  , the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman name of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, still used especially in See also:

• POETRY

poetry for See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . It occurs first in the poet See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan (A.D . 64), and then often in Roman literature . There were (I) a See also:

• DISTRICT

district Caledonia, of which the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border must have been on or near the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus between the See also:

• CLYDE (Welsh, Clwyd, " far heard," " strong," the Glotta of Tacitus)
• CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792-1863)

Clyde and the Forth, (2) a Caledonian See also:

• FOREST

Forest (possibly in See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire), and (3) a tribe of Caledones or Calidones, named by the geographer See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy as living within boundaries which are now unascertainable . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans first invaded Caledonia under See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola (about A.D . 83) . They then fortified the Forth and Clyde Isthmus with a See also:

• LINE

line of forts, two of which, those at Camelon and Barhill, have been identified and excavated, penetrated into Perthshire, and fought the decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (according to See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus) on the slopes of See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons Graupius.' The site—quite as hotly contested among antiquaries as between Roman and Caledonian —may have been near the Roman encampment of Inchtuthill (in the policies of Delvine, Io m . N. of See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth near the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• TAY
• TAY, LOCH

Tay and See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla), which is the most northerly of the ascertained Roman encampments in Scotland and seems to belong to the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Agricola . Tacitus represents the result as a victory . The See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, whether averse to expensive conquests of barren hills, or afraid of a victorious See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, abruptly recalled Agricola, and his See also:

• NORTHERN

northern conquests—all beyond the See also:

• TWEED

Tweed, if not all beyond Cheviot—were abandoned . The next advance followed more than fifty years later . About A.D .

140 the district up to the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth of Forth was definitely annexed, and a rampart with forts along it, the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall of See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius, was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to sea (see BRITAIN: Roman; and GRAIIAM's DYKE) . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the Roman forts at Ardoch, north of See also:

• DUNBLANE

Dunblane, Carpow near See also:

• ABERNETHY, JOHN (1680-,74o)
• ABERNETHY, JOHN (1764-1831)

Abernethy, and perhaps one or two more, were occupied . But the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest was stubbornly disputed, and after several risings, the See also:

• LAND

land north of Cheviot seems to have been lost about A.D . 18o-185 . About A.D . 208 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Septimius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus carried out an extensive punitive expedition against the northern tribes, but while it is doubtful how far he penetrated, it is certain that after his See also:

• DEATH

death the Roman See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ never again ran north of Cheviot . See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome is said, indeed, to have recovered the whole land up to the Wall of Pius in A.D . 368 and to have established there a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, See also:

• VALENTIA, SIR FRANCIS ANNESLEY, VISCOUNT (1585-166o)

Valentia . A province with that name was certainly organized somewhere . But its site and extent is quite uncertain and its duration was exceedingly brief . Through-out, Scotland remained substantially untouched by Roman influences, and its See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• ART

art, though perhaps influenced by Irish, remained See also:

• FREE

free from Mediterranean infusion . Even in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Scotland, where Rome ruled for See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (A.D .

142-180), the occupation was military and produced no civilizing effects . Of the actual See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the land during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of 'Roman See also:

• RULE

rule in Britain, we have yet to learn the details by excavation . The curious carvings and ramparts, at Burghead on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ELGIN

Elgin, and the underground See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone houses locally called " wheems," in which Roman fragments have been found, may represent the native forms of dwelling, &c., and some of the "See also:

• LATE

Late Celtic" See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-See also:

• WORK

work may belong to this age . But of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political divisions, the boundaries and capitals of the tribes, and the like, we know nothing . Ptolemy gives a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of tribe and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names . But hardly one can be identified with any approach to certainty, except in the extreme south . Nor has any certainty been reached about the ethnological problems of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, the See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan or non-Aryan See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Picts and the like . That the Caledonians, like the later Scots, sometimes sought their fortunes in the south, is proved by a curious tablet of about A.D . 220, found at See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester, dedicated to an unknown See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars, Medocius, by ohe " Lossio Veda, See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

nepos [ = See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin of] Vepogeni, Caledo." The name Caledonia is said to survive in 1 This, not Grampius, is the proper spelling, though Grampius was at one time commonly accepted and indeed gave rise to the See also:

• MODERN

modern name Grampian.the second syllable of See also:

• DUNKELD

Dunkeld and in the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain name Schiehallion (Sith-chaillinn) .