CALIFORNIA  , one of the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, physically one of the most remarkable, economically one of the more See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and in See also:

• HISTORY

history and social See also:

• LIFE

life one of the most interesting of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union It is bounded N. by See also:

• OREGON

Oregon, E. by See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada and See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, from which last it is separated by the See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado See also:

• RIVER

river, and S. by the Mexican See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• LOWER

Lower California . The length of its medial See also:

• LINE

line N. and S. is about 78o m., its breadth varies from 150 to 350 m., and its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 158,297 sq. m., of which 2205 are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . In See also:

• SIZE

size it ranks second among the states of the Union . The coast is bold and rugged and with very few See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours; See also:

• SAN

San Diego and San Francisco bays being exceptions . The coast line is more than 'coo m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . There are eight coast islands, all of inconsiderable size, and none of them as yet in any way important . Physiography:—The physiography of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is See also:

• SIMPLE

simple; its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, features are few and bold: a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain fringe along the ocean,, another mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system along the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east border, between them—closed in at both ends by their junction—a splendid valley of imperial extent, and outside all this a See also:

• GREAT

great area of barren, arid lands, belonging partly to the Great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin and partly to the Open Basin region . Along the Pacific, and some 20-40 M. in width, runs the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Coast Range, made up of numerous indistinct chains—most of which have localized individual names—that are broken down into innumerable ridges and spurs, and. small valleys drained by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short streams of rapid fall . The range is cut by numerous See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault lines, some of which betray See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• RECENT

recent activity; it is probable that movements along these faults cause the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake tremors to which the region is subject, all of which seem to be tectonic . The altitudes of the Coast Range vary from about 2000 to 8000 ft.; in the neighbourhood of San Francisco See also:

• BAY

Bay the culminating peaks are about 4000 ft. in height (See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Diablo, 3856 ft.; Mount St See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena, 4343. ft.), and to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the ranges increases . In the east See also:

• PART

part of the state is the magnificent Sierra Nevada, a great See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust, faulted along its eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and tilted up so as to have a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle back slope to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and a steep fault escarpment facing east, the finest mountain system of the United States . The Sierra proper, from See also:

• LASSEN, CHRISTIAN (1800-1876)
• LASSEN, EDUARD (1830-19o4)

Lassen's See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak to Tehachapi Pass in See also:

• KERN, JAN HENDRIK (1833– )

Kern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, is about 430 M. long (from Mt .

Shasta in Siskiyou county to Mt . San Jacinto in See also:

• RIVERSIDE

Riverside county, more than boo m.) . It narrows to the north and the See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude declines in the same direction . Far higher and grander than the Coast Range, the Sierra is much less complicated, being indeed essentially one See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of great simplicity of structure . It is only here and there that a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double line of See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal summits exists . The slope is everywhere long and See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual on the west, averaging about 200 ft. to the mile . Precipitous See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges or canyons often from 2000 to 5000 ft. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth become a more and more marked feature of the range as one proceeds north-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward; over great portions of it they See also:

• AVERAGE

average probably not more than 20 M. apart . Where the volcanic formations were spread uniformly over the flanks of the mountains, the contrast between the canyons and the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain-like region of gentle slope in which they have been excavated is especially marked and characteristic . The eastern slope is very precipitous, due to a great fault which drops the rocks of the Great Basin region abruptly downward several thousand feet . Rare passes See also:

• CROSS

cross the chain, opening at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains on the east and the west high on their flanks, 7000-10,000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Between 36° 20' and 38°the lowest See also:

• GAP

gap of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind is above 9000 ft., and the average height of those actually used is probably not less than rr,000 ft . The Kearsarge, most used of all, is still higher .

Very few in the entire Sierra are passable by vehicles . Some See also:

• FORTY

forty peaks are catalogued between 5000 and 8000 ft., and there are eleven above 14,000 . The highest portion of the system is between the See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of 36° 30' and 37° 30'; here the passes are about 12,000 ft. in elevation, and the peaks range from 13,000 ft. upward, . Mount See also:

• WHITNEY, ELI (1765-1825)
• WHITNEY, JOSIAH DWIGHT (1819-1896)
• WHITNEY, WILLIAM COLLINS (1841-1904)
• WHITNEY, WILLIAM DWIGHT (1827-1894)

Whitney, 14,502 ft., being the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the United States, excluding See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska . From this peak north-ward there is a gradual decline, until at the point where the Central Pacific crosses in See also:

• LAT

lat . 39° 20' the elevation is only 7000 ft . Of the mountain scenery the See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite pinnacles and domes of the highest Sierra opposite See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen's See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, where there is a drop eastward into the valley of about 10,000 ft. in to m.; the snowy volcanic See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of Mt Shasta, rising ro,000 ft. above the adjacent plains; and the lovely valleys of the Coast Range, and the south See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King river—all these have their charms; but most beautiful of all is the unique scenery of the See also:

• YOSEMITE

Yosemite Valley (q.v.) .. Much of the ruggedness and beauty of the mountains is due to the erosive See also:

• ACTION

action of many alpine glaciers that once existed on the higher summits, and which have See also:

• LEFT

left behind their evidences in valleys and amphitheatres with towering walls, polished See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-expanses, glacial lakes and meadows and tumbling waterfalls . Remnants of these glaciers are still to be seen,—as notably on Mt . Shasta,—though shrunk to small dimensions . Glacial action may be studied well as far south as 36° . The canyons are largely the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, modified by glaciers that ran through them after the rivers had formed them .

All of the Sierra lakes and ponds are of glacial origin and there are some thousands of them . The lower lake line is about 8000 ft.; it is lower to the north than to the south, owing to the different See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, and the different See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of glacial retrogression . Of these lakes some are fresh, and some—as those of the north-east counties—See also:

• ALKALI

alkali . The finest of all is Tahoe, 6225 ft. above the sea, lying between the true Sierras and the Basin Ranges, with peaks on several sides rising 4000-5000 ft. above it . It is 1500 ft. deep and its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are of extraordinary purity (containing only three grains of solid See also:

• MATTER

matter to the See also:

• GALLON

gallon) . Clear Lake, in the Coast Range, is another beautiful See also:

• SHEET

sheet of water . It is estimated by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882)
• MUIR, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1905)

Muir that on an average "perhaps more than a mile " of degradation took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the last glacial period; but with regard to the whole subject of glacial action in California as in other See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, there is considerable difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . The same authority counted 65 small residual glaciers between 36° 3o' and 39°; two-thirds of them See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie between 370 and 38°, on some of the highest peaks in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the San Joaquin, Merced, Tuolumne and Owen's rivers . They do not descend, on an average, below 11,000 ft.; the largest of all, on Mt . Shasta, descends to 9500 ft. above the sea . Volcanic action has likewise left abundant traces, especially in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HALF

half of the range, whereas the evidences of glacial action are most perfect (though not most abundant) in the south . See also:

• LAVA

Lava covers most of the northern half of the range, and there are many craters and ash-cones, some recent and of perfect See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form .

Of these the most remarkable is Mt . Shasta . In Owen's Valley is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct or dormant volcanoes . Among the other indications of great See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological disturbances on the Pacific Coast may also be mentioned the earthquakes to which California like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the coast is liable . From 185o to 1887 almost 800 were catalogued by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor E . H . See also:

• HOLDEN, HUBERT ASHTON (1822-1896)
• HOLDEN, SIR ISAAC, BART

Holden for California, Oregon and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . They occur in all seasons, scores of slight tremors being recorded every See also:

• YEAR

year by the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

Weather See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau; but they are of no importance, and even of these the number affecting any particular locality is small . From 1769 to 1887 there were 10 " destructive " and 24 other " extremely severe " shocks according to the See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi Forel nomenclatural See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of intensity . In 1812 great destruction was wrought by an earthquake that affected all the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the state; in 1865 the region about San Francisco was violently disturbed; in 1872 the whole Sierra and the state of Nevada were violently shaken; and in 1906 San Francisco (q.v.) was in large part destroyed by a See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock that caused great damage else-where in the state . North of 400 N. lat. the Coast Range and Sierra systems unite, forming a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country extremely rough . The eastern half of this area is covered chiefly with volcanic plains, very dry and barren, lying between precipitous, although not very lofty, ranges; the western half is magnificently timbered, and toward the coast excessively wet .

Between 350 and 36° N. lat. the Sierra at its southern end turns westward toward the coast as the Tehachapi Range . The valley is thus closed to the north and south, and is surrounded by a mountain See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, which is broken down in but a single place, the gap behind the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• GATE

Gate at San Francisco . Through this passes the entire drainage of the interior . The length of the valley is about 450 m., its breadth averages about 40 M. if the lower foothills be included, so that the entire area is about 18,000 sq. m . The drainage basin measured from the water-partings of the enclosing mountains is some three times as great . From the mouth of the See also:

• SACRAMENTO

Sacramento to Redding, at the northern See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the valley, the rise is 552 ft. in 192 m., and from the mouth of the San Joaquin southward to Kern lake it is 282 ft. in 26o m . Two great rivers drain this central basin,—the San Joaquin, whose valley comprises more than three-fifths of the entire basin, and the Sacramento, whose valley comprises the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder . The San Joaquin is a very crooked stream flowing through a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low mud-plain, with tule See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks; the Sacramento is much less meandering, and its immediate basin, which is of sandy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, is higher and more attractive than that of the San Joaquin . The eastward flanks of the Coast Range are very scantily forested, and they furnish not a single stream permanent enough to reach either the Sacramento or San Joaquin throughout the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . On the eastern side of both rivers are various important tributaries, fed by the more abundant rains and melting snows of the western flank of the Sierra; but these streams also shrink greatly in the dry season . The See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

Feather, emptying into the Sacramento river about 20 M . N. of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Sacramento, is the most important tributary of the Sacramento river .

A striking feature of the Sacramento system is that for 200 M. north of the Feather it does not receive a single tributary of any importance, though walled in by high mountains . Another See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and very See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general feature of the drainage system of the state is the presence of numerous so-called river " sinks," where the waters disappear, either directly by evaporation or (as in See also:

• DEATH

Death Valley) after flowing for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time beneath 'the surface . These " sinks " are therefore not the true sinks of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone regions . The popular name is applied to Owen's lake, at the end of Owen's river; ' to Mono lake, into which flow various streams rising in the Sierra between Mount See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819–'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana and See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle Peak; and to Death Valley, which contains the " sink " of the Amargosa river, and evidently was once an extensive lake, although now only a mud-See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary winters, and a dry, alkaline, See also:

• DESERT

desert plain in summer . All these lakes, and the other mountain lakes before referred to, show by the terraces about them that the water stood during the glacial period much higher than it does now . Tulare lake, which with Buena Vista lake and Kern lake receives the drainage of the southern Sierra, shows extreme See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of See also:

• SHORE

shore-line, and is generally believed to have shrunk extremely since 185o, though of this no adequate See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof yet exists . In 1900 it was about zoo sq. m. in area . In wet seasons it overflows its banks and becomes greatly extended in area, discharging its surplus waters into the San Joaquin; but in dry seasons the evaporation is so great that there is no such See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge . The drainage of Lassen,Siskiyou and See also:

• MODOC (i.e. " southerners ")

Modoc counties has no outlet to the sea and is collected in a number of great alkaline lakes . Finally along the sea below Pt . 'Conception are fertile coastal plains of considerable extent, separated from the interior deserts by various mountain ranges from 5000 to 7000 ft. high, and with peaks much higher (San Bernardino, 11,600; San Jacinto, 1o,800; San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio, 10,140) . Unlike the northern Sierra, the ranges of Southern California are broken down in a number of places .

It is over these passes—Soledad, 2822 ft., Cajon, San Gorgonio, 256o ft.—that the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways cross to the coast: That part of California which lies to the south and east of the southern inosculation of the Coast Range and the •Sierra e6mprises an area of fully 50,000 sq. m., and belongs to the Basin Range region . For the most part it is excessively dry and barren . The See also:

• MOHAVE (corrupted from hamok-habi; " three mountains," their native name, with reference to three peaks, which form a prominent feature of their country)

Mohave desert—embracing Kern, Los Angeles and San Bernardino, as also a large part of San Diego, Imperial and Riverside counties—belong to the " Great . Basin," while a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip along the Colorado river' is in the " Open Basin Region." They have no drainage to the sea, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save fitfully for slight areas through the Colorado river . The • Mohave desert is about 2000 ft. above the sea in general altitude . The southern part of the Great Basin region is vaguely designated the Colorado desert . In San Diego, Imperial and Riverside counties a number of creeks or so-called rivers, with beds that are normally dry, flow centrally toward the desert of Salton Sink or " Sea ' ; this is the lowest part of a large area that is depressed belowthe level of the sea, at Salton 263 ft., and 287 ft. at the lowest point.; In r900 the Colorado river (q.v.) was tapped south of the Mexican boundary for water wherewith to irrigate See also:

• LAND

land in the Imperial Valley along the Southern Pacific railway, adjoining Salton Sea . The river enlarged the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, and finding a steeper gradient than' that to its mouth, was-diverted into the Colorado desert, flooding' Salton Sea;' and when the break in this river was closed for the second time in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1907, though much of its water still escaped through See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor channels and by seepage, a lake more than 400 sq. m. in area was left . ' A permanent 6o ft. See also:

• MASONRY

masonry See also:

• DAM

dam was completed in See also:

• JULY

July 1907 . The region to the east of the Sierra, likewise in the Great Basin province, between" the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of that range and the Nevada boundary, is very mountainous . 'Owen's river runs through it from north to south' for some 18o m . Near Owen's lake the scenery is extremely See also:

• GRAND

grand .

The valley here is very narrow, and on either side the mountains rise from 7000 to 1o,000 ft. above the lake and river . The Inyo range, on the east, is quite See also:

• BARE

bare of See also:

• TIMBER

timber; and its summits are only occasionally whitened with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow for a few days during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, as almost all precipitation is cut off by the higher ranges to the westward . Still further to the east some 40 M. from the lake is Death Valley (including Lost or See also:

• MESQUITE, or HONEY LOCUST

Mesquite Valley)—the name a reminder of the See also:

• FATE

fate of a party of " forty-niners " who perished here, by thirst or by See also:

• STARVATION

starvation and exposure . Death Valley, some 50 M. long and on an average 20-25 M. broad from. the crests of the inclosing mountain ranges (or 5-•rd m` at their See also:

• BASE

base), constitutes an independent drainage basin . It is 'below' sea level (about 276 f t. according to recent surveys), and altogether is one of the most remarkable See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical features of California . The mountains about it are high and bare and brilliant with varied See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . The Amargosa river, entering the valley from Nevada, disappears in the salty. basin . Enormous quantities of See also:

• BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

borax, already exploited, and of nitrate of soda, are known to be See also:

• PRESENT

present in the surrounding country, the former as almost pure borate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime in See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary lake sediments . The physiography of the state is the evident See also:

• DETERMINANT

determinant of its climate, See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora . California has the highest' land and the lowest land of the United States, the greatest variety of temperature and rainfall, and of products of the See also:

• SOIL

soil . Climate.—The climate is very different from that of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic coast; and indeed very different from thatof any part of the country save that bordering California Amid great variations of local weather there are some peculiar features that obtain all over the state . In the first place, the climate of the entire Pacific Coast is milder and more See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform in temperature than that of the states in corresponding See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude east of the, mountains .

Thus we have to go north as far as See also:

• SITKA (formerly New Archangel)

Sitka in 57° N. lat. to find the same mean yearly temperature as that of See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia, in latitude 440 39' . And going south along the' coast, we find the mean temperature of San Diego 6° or 7° less than that of See also:

• VICKSBURG

Vicksburg, See also:

• MISS

Miss., or See also:

• CHARLESTON

Charleston, S.C . The quantity of total See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply It See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound exceeds that at See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg, See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland or See also:

• OMAHA

Omaha, all more than ' In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1904 Salton Sea was dry; in February x906 it' was occupied by a lake 6o m. long . Soo m. farther south; Cape Flattery, exposed the year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round to See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold ocean fogs, receives more heat than See also:

• EASTPORT

Eastport, See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, which is 3° farther south and has a warmer summer . In the second place, the means of winter and summer are much nearer the mean of the year in California than in the east . This See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of things is not so marked as one goes inward from the coast; yet everywhere save in the high mountains the winters are comparatively mild . In the third place, the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the year into two seasons—a wet one and a dry (and extremely dusty) one--marks this portion of the Pacific Coast in the most decided manner, and this natural See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic area coincides almost exactly in its See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension with that of California; being truly characteristic neither of Lower California nor of the greater part of Oregon, though more so of Nevada and Arizona . And finally, in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth-place, except on the coast the disagreeableness of the heat of summer is greatly lessened by the dryness of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and the consequent rapidity of evaporation . Among the peculiarities of Californian climate it is not one of the least striking that as one leaves the Sacramento or San Joaquin plains and travels into the mountains it becomes warmer, at least for the first 2000 or 3000 ft. of ascent . Along both the Coast Range and the Sierra considerable rainfall is certain, although, owing to the slight snow accumulations of the former, its streams are decidedly variable . A heavy See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, with a normal fall of more than 40 in., covers all the northern half of the Sierra and the north-west counties; shading off from this is the region of to-2o in. fall, which covers all the rest of the state save Inyo, Kern and San Bernardino counties, Imperial county and the eastern portion of Riverside county; the precipitation of this belt is from o to to in . In excessively dry years the limits of this last division may include all of the state below See also:

• FRESNO

Fresno and the entire Central Valley as well .

In the mountains the precipitation increases with the altitude; above 6000 or 7000 ft. it is almost wholly in the form of snow; and this snow, melting in summer, is of immense importance to the state, supplying water once for placer See also:

• MINING

mining and now for See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . The north-west counties are extremely wet; many localities here have normal rainfalls of 6o-7o in. and even higher annually, while in extreme seasons as much as r25 in. falls . Along the entire Pacific Coast, but particularly N. of San Francisco, there is a See also:

• NIGHT

night See also:

• FOG

fog from May to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . It extends but a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles inland, but within this belt is virtually a prolongation of the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season and has a marked effect on vegetation . Below San Francisco the precipitation decreases along the coast, until at San Diego it is only about io in . The south-east counties are the driest portions of the United States . At See also:

• OGILBY, JOHN (1600–1676)

Ogilby; See also:

• VOLCANO

Volcano, Indio and other stations on the Southern Pacific line the normal annual precipitation is from 1.5 to 2.5 in.; and there are localities near Owen's lake, even on its very edge, that are almost dry . For days in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession when it storms along the Southern -California coasts and dense rain clouds See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow landwards to the mountains, leaving snow or rain on their summits, it has been observed that within a few miles beyond the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge the contact of the desert air dissipates the remaining moisture of the clouds. into See also:

• LIGHT

light misty masses, like a See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape in cold air . The extreme heat of the south-east is tempered by the extremely low humidity characteristic of the Great Basin, which in the interior of the two southernmost counties is very low . The humidity of places such as Fresno, Sacramento and Red See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

Bluff in the valley varies from 48 to 58 . Many places in northern, southern, central, mountain and southern coastal California normally have more than 200 perfectly clear days in a year; and many in the mountains and in the south, even on the coast, have more than 250 . The extreme variability in the amount of rainfall is remarkable.' The effects of a season of drought on the dry portions of the state need not be adverted to;, and as there is no rain or snow of any consequence on the mountains during summer, a succession of dry seasons may almost bare the ranges of the accumulated stock ' During the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval from 185o to 1872 the yearly rainfall at San Ftancisco ranged from 11.37 to 49.27 in.; from 1850 to 1904 the average was 22.74, and the probable annual variation 4 in.of previous winter snows, thus making .worse what. is already See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad .

The Colorado desert (together with the lower Gila - Valley of Arizona) is the hottest part of the United States . Along the line of the Southern Pacific the yearly extreme is frequently from 124° to 129° F . (i.e. in the shade, which is almost if not quite the greatest heat ever actually recorded in any part of the See also:

• WORLD

world) . At the other extreme, temperatures of -20° to -36° are recorded yearly on the Central (Southern) Pacific line near Lake Tahoe . The normal annual means of the coldest localities of the state are from 370 to 44 F.; the monthly means from 20° to 65° F . The normal annual means on Indio, See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

Mammoth Tanks, Salton and Volcano Springs are from 73.9 to 78.4 F.; the monthly means from 52.8° to 101.3° (frequently 95° to 98°) . The normal trend of the annual isotherms of the state is very simple: a low line of about 40° circles the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle in the Nevada boundary line; 50° normally follows the northern Sierra across the Oregon border; lines of higher temperature enclose the Great Valley; and lines of still higher temperature—usually 6o° to 7o°, in hotter years 6o° to 75°—run transversely across the southern See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the state . Another weather See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor is the winds, which are extremely See also:

• REGULAR

regular in their movements .. There are brisk diurnal sea-breezes, and seasonal trades and See also:

• COUNTER

counter-trades . Along the coast an on-shore See also:

• BREEZE

breeze blows every summer See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; in the evening it is replaced by a night-fog, and the cooler air draws down the mountain sides in opposition to its See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement during the day . In the upper air a dry off-shore See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind from the Rocky Mountain See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau prevails throughout the summer; and in winter an on-shore rain wind . The last is the counter-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, the all-year wind of Alaska and Oregon; it prevails in . winter even off Southern California .

There is the widest and most startling variety of local climates . At Truckee, for example, lying about 5800 ft. above the sea near Lake Tahoe, the lowest temperature of the year may be-2.5° F. or colder, when 70 M. westward at Rocklin, which lies in the foothills about 2 50 ft. above the sea, the See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury does not fall below, 28° . Snow never falls at Rocklin, but falls in large quantity at Truckee; See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice is the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of the one, oranges of the other, at the same time . There are points in Southern California where one may actually look from sea to desert and from snow to See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange groves . Distance from the ocean, situation with reference to the mountain ranges, and altitude are all important determinants of these climatic See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences; but of these the last seems to be most important . At any See also:

• RATE

rate it may be said that generally speaking the maximum, minimum and mean temperatures of points of approximately equal altitude are respectively but slightly different in northern or southern California ? Death Valley surpasses for combined heat and aridity any meteorological stations on earth where regular observations are taken, although for extremes of heat it is exceeded by places in the Colorado desert . The minimum daily temperature in summer is rarely below 70° F. and often above 90° F . (in the shade), while the maximum may for days in succession be as high as Iso° F . A See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of 6 months (1891) showed an average daily relative humidity of 3o•6 in the See also:

• MORNING

morning and 15.6 in the evening, and the humidity sometimes falls to 5 . Yet the surrounding country is not devoid of vegetation . The hills are very fertile when irrigated, and the wet season develops a variety of perennial herbs, shrubs and annuals .

Fauna.—California embraces areas of every life-See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of North America: of the boreal, the Hudsonian and See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian subzones; of the transition, the humid Pacific subzone; of the upper austral, the arid or upper Sonoran subzone; of the lower austral, the arid or lower Sonoran; of the tropical, the " dilute arid " subzone . As will be inferred from the above 2 The means for Los Angeles and Red Bluff, of Redding and Fresno, of San Diego and Sacramento, of San Francisco or See also:

• MONTEREY

Monterey and See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, are respectively about the-same; and all of them lie between 56° and 63° F . The places mentioned are scattered over 31° of See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude and 6i° of latitude . See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of temperature, summer is longer in the north, and localities in the Valley have more See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of heat than do those of south California . Hence that climatic characteristic of the entire Pacific Coast—already referred to and which is of extreme importance in determining the life-zones of California—the great amount of total annual heat supply at comparatively high latitudes . A low summer temperature enables northern See also:

• SPECIES

species to push far southward, while the high heat total of the year enables southern species to push far north . The resultant intermingling of forms is very marked and characteristic of the Pacific Coast states . The See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of life-zones is primarily a matter of altitude and corresponds to that of the isotherms . The mountain See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat and mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep live in the Sierran upper-land, though long ago well-nigh exterminated . The See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas red See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel is ubiquitous in the Sierran forests and their most conspicuous inhabitant . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White-tailed See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and especially See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-tails are found on the high Sierra; the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule deer, too, although its See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat is now mainly east of the range, on the plateau, is also met with . Grizzly, black, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown bears are all Californian, species once See also:

• COMMON

common and to-day rare .

When Americans began to See also:

• RULE

rule in California See also:

• ELK

elk and See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope herded in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in the Great Valley; the former may to-day sometimes, be seen, possibly, in the northern forests, and the latter occasionally cross into the state from Nevada . The See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-See also:

• HEN

hen is abundant on the eastern flank of the Sierra . See also:

• GROUSE

Grouse, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, crows and woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) furnish species characteristic of the state . There are various species of ground-squirrels and gophers, which are very abundant . Noteworthy in the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal life of the lower Sonoran and tropic region are a variety of See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and lizards, desert rats and mice; and, among birds, the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

wren, desert thrasher, desert See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, See also:

• TEXAS

Texas night-See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk, mocking-See also:

• BIRD

bird and ground See also:

• CUCKOO

cuckoo or road runner (Geococcyx Californianus) . The California See also:

• VULTURE

vulture, the largest flying bird in North America and fully as large as the Andean See also:

• CONDOR (Sarcorhamphus gryphus)

condor, is not limited to California but is fairly common there . In the See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology and See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany of California as of the rest of the Pacific Coast, the distinctions between the upper austral and humid transition zones are 'largely obliterated; and as one passes southward into the arid lands, life forms of both these zones intermingle with those of the arid transition . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish are abundant . The United States fish See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, and an active state commission established in 1869, have done much to preserve and increase this source of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . In 1904 the yield of the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries of the three Pacific Coast states was 168,600,000 lbs., valued at $6,681,000,—nearly half that of the New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England states, more than one-third that of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Atlantic states and more than that of the South Atlantic and Gulf states combined . Of the total, California yielded between a quarter and a third . A third of her fish comes from the Sacramento river .

Some 230—more or less—marine food fishes are to be found in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market at San Francisco . The exports of fish from that See also:

• PORT

port from 1892–1899 were valued at from $2,000,000 to $2,500,000 annually . Native oysters are small and of peculiar flavour; eastern varieties also are fattened, but not bred in California waters . See also:

• SHRIMP

Shrimp are abundant; the shrimp fishers are See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND