See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

ALEXANDRE DE See also:

• CALONNE
• CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE CALONNE (1734-1802)

CALONNE (1734-1802)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DOUAI

Douai of a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FAMILY

family . He entered the profession of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and became in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois, procureur to the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Douai, See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests, then See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of See also:

• METZ

Metz (1768) and of See also:

• LILLE

Lille (1774) . He seems to have been a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• GREAT

great business capacity, See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay and careless in temperament, and thoroughly unscrupulous in See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ACTION

action . In the terrible crisis of affairs preceding the French Revolution, when See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister after minister, tried in vain to replenish the exhausted royal See also:

• TREASURY

treasury and was dismissed for want of success, See also:

• CALONNE
• CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE (1734-1802)

Calonne was summoned to take the general See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of affairs . He assumed See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office on the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1783 . He owed the position to See also:

• VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, COMTE DE (1717-1787)

Vergennes, who for three years and a See also:

• HALF

half continued to support him; but the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was not well disposed towards him, and, according to the testimony of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, his reputation with the public was extremely poor . In taking office he found " 600 millions to pay and neither See also:

• MONEY

money nor See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit." At first he attempted to develop the latter, and to carry on the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government by means of loans in such a way as to maintain public confidence in its solvency . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1785 he recoined the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold coinage, and he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the caisse d' escompte . But these See also:

• MEASURES

measures failing, he proposed to the king the suppression of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal customs, duties and the See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of nobles and See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot and See also:

• NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

Necker had attempted these reforms, and Calonne attributed their failure to the malevolent See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the parlements . Therefore he had an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of " notables " called together in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1787 . Before it he exposed the deficit in the treasury, and proposed the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a subvention territoriale, which should be levied on all property without distinction .

This suppression of privileges was badly received by the privileged notables . Calonne, angered, printed his reports and so alienated the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI. dismissed him on the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1787 and exiled him to See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . The joy was general in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where Calonne, accused of wishing to See also:

• AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

augment the imposts, was known as " See also:

• MONSIEUR (Fr., formed from men, my, and sieur, lord)

Monsieur Deficit." In reality his audacious See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of reforms, which Necker took up later, might have saved the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy had it been firmly seconded by the king . Calonne soon afterwards passed over to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and during his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence there kept up a polemical See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Necker on the finances . In 1789, when the states-general were about to assemble, he crossed over to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of being allowed to offer himself for See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, but he was sternly forbidden to enter See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In revenge he joined the emigre party at See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz, wrote in their favour, and expended nearly all the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune brought him by his wife, a wealthy widow . In 18o2, having again taken up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in See also:

• LONDON

London, he received permission from See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon to return to France . He died on the 3oth of October 1802, about a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month after his arrival in his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . See Ch . Gomel, See also:

• LES

Les Causes financieres de la Revolution (Paris, 1893) R . Stourm, Les Finances de l'ancien regime et de la Revolution (a vols., Paris, 1885); Susane, La Tactique financilre de Calonne, with bibliography (Paris, 1902) .