See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• PIERRE JOSEPH CAMBON (1756-1820)
• CAMBON, PIERRE PAUL (1843– )

CAMBON (1756-1820)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman, was the son of a wealthy See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier . In 1785 his See also:

• FATHER

father retired, leaving the direction of the business to See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre and his two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, but in 1788 Pierre turned aside to politics, and was sent by his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-citizens as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy suppleant to See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, where he was little more than a spectator . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1790 he returned to Montpellier, was elected a member of the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality, was one of the founders of the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and on the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI. in 1791, he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition to invite the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly to proclaim a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic,—the first in date of such petitions . Elected to the Legislative Assembly, See also:

• CAMBON, PIERRE JOSEPH (1756-1820)
• CAMBON, PIERRE PAUL (1843– )

Cambon became noted forhisindependence, his honesty and his ability in See also:

• FINANCE

finance . He was the most active member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of finance and was often charged to verify the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . Nothing could be more false than the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that as a financier his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole expedient was to multiply the emissions of See also:

• ASSIGNATS (from Lat. assignatus, assigned)

assignats . His remarkable speech of the 24th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1791 is a convincing See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his sagacity . In politics, while he held aloof from the clubs, and even from parties, he was an ardent defender of the new institutions . On the 9th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1792, he succeeded in having a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law passed sequestrating the possessions of the emigres, and demanded, though in vain, the See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation of refractory priests to French See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana . He was the last See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Legislative Assembly . Re-elected to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention, he opposed the pre-tensions of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune and the proposed See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of See also:

• MONEY

money to the municipality of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris by the state . He denounced See also:

• MARAT, JEAN PAUL (1743-1793)

Marat's placards as inciting to See also:

• MURDER

murder, summoned See also:

• DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

Danton to give an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, watched carefully over the furnishing of military supplies, and was a strong opponent of See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez, in spite of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general's See also:

• GREAT

great. popularity .

Cambon then incurred the hatred of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre by proposing the suppression of the pay to the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, which would have meant the separation of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and state . His authority See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew steadily . On the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1792 he got the Convention to adopt a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation to all nations in favour of a universal republic . In the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for his See also:

• DEATH

death, without See also:

• APPEAL

appeal or postponement . He attempted to prevent the creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal, but when called to the first Committee of Public Safety he worked on it energetically to organize the armies . On the 3rd of February 1793 he had decreed the emission of 800 millions of assignats, for the expenses of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . His courageous intervention in favour of the See also:

• GIRONDISTS (Fr. Girondins)

Girondists on the 2nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1793 served Robespierre as a pretext to prevent his re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the Committee of Public Safety . But Cambon soon came to the conclusion that the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France depended upon the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain, and he did not hesitate to See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord his active co-operation to the second committee . He took an active See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the various expedients of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for stopping the depreciation of the assi gnats . He was responsible, especially, for the great operation known as the opening of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Livre (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 24), which was designed to consolidate the public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt by cancelling the stock issued under various conditions See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the Revolution, and issuing new stock of a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, so that all fund-holders should hold stock of the revolutionary government and thus be interested in its stability . Each fund-holder was to be entered in the Great See also:

• BOOK

Book, or See also:

• REGISTER

register of the public debt, for the amount due to him every See also:

• YEAR

year . The result of this measure was a rise in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face value of the assignats from 27% to 48 % by the end of the year .

In matters of finance Cambon was now supreme; but his See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, his hatred of See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator-See also:

• SHIP

ship, his protests against the excesses of the Revolutionary Tribunal, won him Robespierre's renewed suspicion, and on the 8th See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor Robespierre accused him of being See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-revolutionary and an aristocrat . Cambon's proud and vehement reply was the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal of the resistance to Robespierre's tyranny and the prelude to his fall . Cambon soon had See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to repent of that event, for he became one of those most violently attacked by the Thermidorian reaction . The royalist See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and the See also:

• JOURNALS

journals of J . L . See also:

• TALLIEN, JEAN LAMBERT (1767-1820)

Tallien attacked him with fury as a former Montagnard . He was charged with being responsible for the discredit of the assignats, and even accused of malversations . On the 21st of February 1795 the project which he presented to with-draw four milliards of assignats from circulation, was rejected, and on the 3rd of See also:

• APRIL

April he was excluded from the committee of finance . On the 16th Germinal, Tallien procured a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation against him, but he was already in safety, taking See also:

• REFUGE

refuge probably at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he does not seem to have remained in Paris, although in the See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot of the 1st Prairial some of the insurgents proclaimed him See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor . The See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty of the 4th See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire of the year IV . (the 5th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1795), permitted him to return to France, and he withdrew to his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Terral near Montpellier, where, during the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Terror, he had a narrow See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt upon his See also:

• LIFE

life .

At first Cambon hoped to find in See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte the saviour of the republic, but, deceived by the 18th Brumaire, he lived throughout the whole of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in peaceful seclusion . During the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days he was deputy for See also:

• HERAULT

Herault in the chamber of representatives, and pronounced himself strongly against the return of the Bourbons, and for religious freedom . Under the Restoration the " amnesty " law of 1816 condemned him as a See also:

• REGICIDE (Lat. rex, a king, and caedere, to kill)

regicide to See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and he withdrew to See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, to St See also:

• JEAN

Jean-Ten-Noode, near See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, where he died on the 15th of February 1820 . (R . A . *) See Bornarel, Cambon (Paris) .