See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)  , the name of the single-humped Arabian Camelus dromedarius, but also applied to the two-humped central Asian C. bactrianus and to the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct relatives of both . The characteristics of camels and their systematic position are discussed under the headings See also:

• TYLOPODA (Gr. for boss-footed, in reference to the cushion-like pads forming the soles of the feet)

TYLOPODA and See also:

• ARTIODACTYLA (from Gr. &prws, even, and SatcrVJws, a finger or toe, "even-toed")
• ARTIODACTYLA, PECORA, TYLOPODA

ARTIODACTYLA . The two living See also:

• SPECIES

species are distinguishable at a glance . It may be mentioned that the Bactrian See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, which is a shorter-legged and more ponderous See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal than the Arabian species, grows an enormously See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and thick See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter coat, which is See also:

• SHED

shed in blanket-like masses in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The Arabian camel, which is used not only in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from which it takes its name, but also in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and has been introduced into See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and North See also:

• AMERICA

America, is known only as a domesticated animal . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the Bactrian species, which is employed throughout a large See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of central See also:

• ASIA

Asia in the domesticated See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, appears, according to See also:

• RECENT

recent researches, to exist in the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in some of the central Asian deserts . From the examination of specimens collected by Dr Sven Hedin, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . Leche shows that the wild Bactrian camel differs from the domesticated breed of central Asia in the following See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characters: the humps are smaller; the long See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair does not occupy nearly so much of the See also:

• BODY

body; the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is much more rufous; and the ears and muzzle are shorter . Many important See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences are also recorded between the skulls of the two animals, and it is especially noteworthy that the last See also:

• LOWER

lower molar is smaller in the wild than in the tame See also:

• RACE

race . In connexion with this point it should be noticed that, unlike what occurs in the See also:

• YAK

yak, the wild animal is not larger than the tame one, although it is incorrect to say that the former is decidedly the inferior of the latter in point of stature . Dr Leche also institutes a comparison between the skeletons of the wild and the tame Bactrian camel with the remains of certain fossil See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic camels, namely, Camelus knoblochi from Sarepta, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and C. alutensis from the Aluta valley, See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania . This comparison leads to the important conclusion that the wild Bactrian Camelus bactrianus ferus comes much nearer to the fossil species than it does to the domesticated breed, the resemblance being specially noticeable in the absolutely and relatively small See also:

• SIZE

size of the last molar .

In view of these differences from the domesticated breed, and the resemblance of the See also:

• SKULL

skull or lower See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw to that of the extinct See also:

• EUROPEAN

European species, it becomes practically impossible to regard the wild camels as the offspring of animals that have escaped from captivity . On the latter See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis it has been generally assumed that the wild camels are the descendants of droves of the domesticated breed which escaped when certain central Asian cities were overwhelmed by See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-storms . This theory, according to Professor Leche, is rendered improbable by Dr Sven Hedin's observations on the habits and mode of See also:

• LIFE

life of the wild camel . The See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat of the latter extends from the lower course of the Keria See also:

• RIVER

river to the See also:

• DESERT

desert at the termination of that river, and thence to the neighbourhood of the Achik, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the See also:

• TARIM

Tarim river . These animals also occur in the desert See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Tarim; but are most abundant in the deserts and mountains to the southward of Kuruktagh, where there are a few brackish-See also:

• WATER

water pools, and are also See also:

• COMMON

common in the barren mountains between Kuruktagh and Choetagh . Large herds have also been observed in the deserts near Altyntagh . The capacity of camels for travelling long distances without water —owing to See also:

• SPECIAL

special structural modifications in the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach—is See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to all . That the Arabian species was one of the earliest animals to be domesticated is evident from the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of Scripture, where six thousand camels are said to have formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch See also:

• JOB

Job . Camels also formed part of the See also:

• PRESENT

present which See also:

• PHARAOH (Par'oh)

Pharaoh gave to See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, and it was to a See also:

• COMPANY

company of Ishmaelites travelling from See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt on camels, laden with spices, much as their Arabian descendants do at the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, that See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph was sold by his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . The hump (or humps) varies in size according to the condition of the animal, becoming small and flaccid after hard See also:

• WORK

work and poor See also:

• DIET

diet . During the rutting-See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season male camels become exceedingly See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage and dangerous, uttering a loud bubbling roar and engaging in fierce contests with their See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows . The See also:

• FEMALE

female carries her See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young for fully eleven months, and produces only one See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, which she suckles for a See also:

• YEAR

year .

Eight days after See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth the young Arabian camel stands 3 ft. high, but does not reach its full growth till its sixteenth or seventeenth year; it lives from See also:

• FORTY

forty to fifty years . The flesh of the young camel resembles veal, and is a favourite See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, while camel's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk forms an excellent and highly nutritious beverage, although it does not furnish See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter . The long hair is shorn every summer,. and See also:

• WOVEN

woven into a variety of stuffs used by the Arab for clothing himself and his See also:

• FAMILY

family, and covering his See also:

• TENT

tent . It was in raiment of camel's hair that See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist appeared as a preacher . The hair imported into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe is chiefly used in the manufacture of small brushes used by painters, while the thick hide is formed into a very durable See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . The droppings are used as See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, and from the incinerated remains of these sal-ammoniac is extracted, which was at one time largely exported from Egypt . The Bactrian camel is, if possible, of still more importance to many of the central Asian Mongol races, supplying them alike with food and raiment . It is, however, as " the See also:

• SHIP

ship of the desert," without which vast tracts of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface could scarcely be explored, that the camel is specially valuable . In its See also:

• FOURTH

fourth year its training as a beast of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden begins, when it is taught to kneel and to rise at a given See also:

• SIGNAL

signal, and is gradually accustomed to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear increasing loads . These vary in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight from 500 to loon lb, according to the variety of camel employed, for of the Arabian camel there are almost as many breeds as there are of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . When See also:

• CROSSING

crossing a desert camels are expected to carry their loads 25 M. a day for three days without drink, getting a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of water, however, on the fourth; but the fleeter breeds will carry their rider and a bag of water 50 M. a day for See also:

• AVE, or FIRN

Ave days without drinking . When too heavily laden the camel refuses to rise, but on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march it is exceedingly patient under its burden, only yielding beneath it to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die .

Relieved from its load it does not, like other animals, seek the shade, even when that is to be found, but prefers to kneel beside its burden in the broad glare of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, seeming to luxuriate in the burning sand . When overtaken by a dust-See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm it falls on its knees, and stretching its See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck along the sand, closes its nostrils and remains thus motionless till the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere clears; and in this position it affords some shelter to its See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver, who, wrapping his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face in his See also:

• MANTLE

mantle, crouches behind his beast . The food of the camel consists chiefly of the leaves of trees, shrubs and dry hard vegetables, which it is enabled to See also:

• TEAR

tear down and masticate by means of its powerful front See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth . As regards temperament, if, writes See also:

• SIR

Sir F . See also:

• PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER (1824-1897)
• PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788-1861)

Palgrave, " docile means stupid, well and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good; in such a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the camel is the very See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of docility . But if the epithet is intended to designate an animal that takes an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in its rider so far as a beast can, that in some way understands his intentions, or shares them in a sub-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, that obeys from a sort of submissive or halffellow-feeling with his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, like the horse or See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, then I say that the camel is by no means docile—very much the contrary . He takes no heed of his rider, pays no See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention whether he be on his back or not, walks straight on when once set agoing, merely because he is too stupid to turn aside, and then should some tempting See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn or See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch allure him out of the path, continues to walk on in the new direction simply because he is too dull to turn back into the right road . In a word, he is from first to last an undomesticated and savage animal rendered serviceable by stupidity alone, without much skill on his master's part, or any co-operation on his own, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that of an extreme passiveness . Neither See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment nor even See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit impresses him; never tame, though not wide-awake enough to be exactly wild." For extinct camels see TYLOPODA . (R . L.*) The Biblical expression (Matt. xix . 24, &c.), " it is easier for a camel to go through a See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye," &c., is sometimes explained by saying that the " needle's eye " means the small See also:

• GATE

gate which is opened in the See also:

• GREAT

great gate of a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, when the latter is closed for the See also:

• NIGHT

night; but recent See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism (e.g .

See also:

• POST

Post in See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Dict., under " Camel ") throws doubt on this explanation, and assumes that the more violent hyper-See also:

• BOLE

bole is intended . There is a various See also:

• READING

reading KagiXos (See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable) for K&g,,See also:

• ROS, or DE
• ROS, SIR RICHARD (b. 1429)

ros (camel), but See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, in the Ency . Biblica, rejects this (see CABLE) .