LUIS VAZ DE See also:

• LUIS VAZ DE CAMOENS [CAMOES] (1524-1580)

CAMOENS [CAMOES] (1524-1580)  , the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Portuguese poets, sprang from an illustrious and wealthy See also:

• FAMILY

family of Galician origin, whose seat, called the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens, See also:

• LAY

lay near Cape Finisterre . His ancestor, the poet Vasco Pires de Camoens, followed the party of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Cruel of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile against See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., and on the defeat of the former had to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge along with other Galician nobles in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, where he founded the Portuguese family of his name . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Fernando received him well, and gave him posts of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and estates, and though the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Avis sequestered some of these and Vasco lost others after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Aljubarrota, where he fought on the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, considerable possessions still remained to him . Antao Vaz, the grandfather of Luis, married one of the See also:

• ALGARVE, or ALGARVES

Algarve Gamas, so that Vasco da Gama and Camoens, the discoverer of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea route to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and the poet who immortalized the voyage in his Lusiads, were kinsmen . Antao's eldest son Simao Vaz was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• COIMBRA

Coimbra at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and married See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna de SA e See also:

• MACEDO, JOSE AGOSTINHO DE (1761-1831)

Macedo, who See also:

• BORE

bore him an only son, Luis Vaz de Camoens; thus the poet, like his See also:

• FATHER

father and See also:

• GRAND

grand-father, was a cavalleiro fidalgo, that is, an untitled See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble . Four cities dispute the honour of being his birthplace, though See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon has the better See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title; and there is a like dispute about the See also:

• YEAR

year, which, however, was almost certainly 1524 . The poet spent his childhood in Coimbra, where his father owned a See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and made his first studies at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, designed for " See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable poor students," and there contracted friendships with noblemen like D . Goncalo da Silveira and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother D . Alvaro, who were inmates of the nobles' college of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael . These colleges were offshoots from and attached to the Augustinian monastery of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz, an important religious and scholastic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, where the poet's See also:

• UNCLE

uncle D . Bento de Camoens, a virtuous and very learned See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, was professed . The See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, though See also:

• LATE

late in penetrating into Portugal, had by this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time definitely triumphed, and the university of Coimbra, after its reform in 1537 under the auspices of King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John III., boasted the best teachers See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from every See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, among them See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan .

The See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of classical culture was regarded as the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman; the colleges of Santa Cruz required conversation within the walls to be in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek or Latin, and the university, when it absorbed the colleges, adopted the same See also:

• RULE

rule . In these surroundings. aided by a retentive memory, Camoens steeped himself in the literature and See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology of the ancients, as his See also:

• WORKS

works show, and he was thus able in after years to perfect the Portuguese See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and to enrich it with many neologisms of classical origin . It is fortunate, however, for his country and his fame that he never followed the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in Latin; on the contrary, except for his Spanish poems, he always employed his native See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . After completing his See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric the poet entered on his university course for the degree of See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor of arts, which lasted for three years, from 1539 to 1542, and during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he met Jorge See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, who would have preferred a better match for her, she repelled her See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover . See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

Jealousy then seized him, and sick of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• LIFE

life for the moment, he gladly accompanied his See also:

• PATRON

patron to the latter's country See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; but once there he recognized that Lisbon, was the centre of attraction for him and that he could not be happy at a distance . His verses at this time reveal his parlous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . He oscillates between joy and depression . He passes from See also:

• TENDER

tender regrets to violent outbursts, which are followed by See also:

• CALM

calm and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, while expressions of passionate love alternate with bold desires and lofty ambitions . It is clear tat there was an understanding between him and Catherina and that they looked forward to a happy ending, and this encouraged him in his weary waiting and his See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for a lucrative See also:

• POST

post which would enable him to approach her family and ask for her See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . From this period date the greater See also:

• PART

part of his roundels and sonnets, some of the odes and nearly all the eclogues . His fifth See also:

• ECLOGUE

eclogue shows that he was seriously thinking of his patriotic poem in 1544; and from the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth it seems likely that the Lusiads were in course of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, and that cantos 3 and 4 were practically completed . He had by now established his fame and was known as the Lusitanian See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, but presently he had a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude awakening from his dreams of love and See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory .

He had shown his See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection too openly, and some infraction of court See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette, about which the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen was strict, caused the tongue of See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal to wag; perhaps it was an affair with one of Catherina's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, even a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel, that led to the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree which exiled him from Lisbon . Camoens's rashness, self-confidence and want of respect for the authorities all contributed to the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty, and the composition of the See also:

• PLAY

play El Rei Seleuco would aggravate his offence in the eyes of John III . Produced in 1545 and derived from See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot was calculated to draw See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the relations between the king and his stepmother, and to recall the See also:

• ACTION

action of D . Manoel in robbing his son John III. of his intended See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride . Camoens composed it for a See also:

• WEDDING

wedding festivity in the house of Estacio da See also:

• FONSECA, AMAPALA
• FONSECA, MANOEL DEODORO DA (1827-1892)

Fonseca, and some of the verses refer so openly to his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, that if, as is likely, he spoke them himself, emphasizing them with See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice and gesture so as to publish his love to the See also:

• WORLD

world, this new boldness, combined with the subject of the piece, must have rendered his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile a certainty . All we know definitely, however, is that the court was henceforth closed to him, and in 1546 he had to leave Lisbon, the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of his love and the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of his See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . Tradition says that he went to the Ribatejo and spent seven or eight months with his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's relatives in or near See also:

• SANTAREM

Santarem, whence he poured out a number of his finest poems; including his See also:

• ELEGY

Elegy of Exile and some magnificent sonnets, which, in vigour of ideas and beauty of expression, exceeded anything he had hitherto produced . Poets cannot live on bays, however, and pressed by See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity he determined to become a soldier . One of his best See also:

• MODERN

modern biographers thinks that he petitioned the king for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to commute his penalty into military service in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa; but whether this be so, or whether he merely went there to gain his spurs, certain it is that in the autumn of 1547 he proceeded to See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

Ceuta . For the next two years, the usual period of service there, he lived the routine life of a See also:

• COMMON

common soldier in this famous See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium and outpost-See also:

• TOWN

town, and he lost his right See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye in a skirmish with the Moroccans, though some writers make the incident occur on the voyage across the straits when his See also:

• SHIP

ship was attacked by Sallee rovers . Elegy ii. and a couple of odes date from his stay in Ceuta . He is full of sadness and almost in despair, but is saved from See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide by love and memory of the past .

He has intervals of calm and resignation, even of satirical See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, and these become more frequent as the See also:

• TERM

term of his exile draws near, and in one of them he wrote his See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to a " Lisbon friend." The octaves on the Discontent of the World, which breathe a philosophic equanimity and lift'the reader out of the tumult of daily life, go to show that his restless See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart had found peace at last and that he had accustomed himself to solitude . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1549 the aged See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Ceuta, D . Affonso de Noronha, was summoned to court and created See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of India, It6 de See also:

• MONTEMAYOR (or MONTEMOR), JORGE (1520?-156x)

Montemayor, the author of See also:

• DIANA

Diana, who was then studying See also:

• MUSIC

music . He seems to have imbibed much of that encyclopaedic instruction to which the humanists aspired, for his writings show a very extensive See also:

• READING

reading, and his scientific knowledge and See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of observation compelled the admiration of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt . The thoroughness of his teaching is apparent when we remember that he wrote his epic in the fortresses of Africa and See also:

• ASIA

Asia, far from books, and yet gave See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of acquaintance with universal See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, Greek and Latin literature, and the modern See also:

• POETRY

poetry of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Much of the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for this learning must be attributed to the encouragement of D . Bento, now See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of Santa Cruz, who became See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the university the very year when Camoens entered it . There is a tradition that this uncle destined him for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and caused him to study See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . The poet's knowledge of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma and the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, his friendly intercourse with the Lisbon See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans at the end of his life, and the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share he is said to have taken in their disputations, make the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis a likely one, but he made his own choice and preferred a lay life . We have very little See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse of his Coimbra time, but it seems that he began in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian manner, following the new classical school of SA, de See also:

• MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816)

Miranda (q.v.),and that, though attached to the popular muse and well acquainted with the See also:

• NATIONAL

national songs and romances, legends and See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore, his poetry in the old See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style (medida velha) is mostly of later date . An exception may perhaps be found in his Auto after the manner of Gil See also:

• VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente (q.v.), The See also:

• AMPHITRYON

Amphitryon, a Portuguese See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation from See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus which was very well received . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen Camoens See also:

• LEFT

left Coimbra, bidding adieu to the old See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in verses breathing the most tender saudade .

Lisbon, which impressed Cervantes so much as to draw from him a classic description in the novel Persiles y Sigismunda, made an even greater impression on the youthful Camoens, and the Lusiads are full of eulogistic epithets on the city and the See also:

• TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo)

Tagus . Arriving in 1543, it has been conjectured that he became See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to D . See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio de Noronha, son of the great noble D . Francisco de Noronha, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Linhares, who had lately returned from a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Xabregas . The poet's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and talents admitted him to the society of men like D . See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine de See also:

• BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AVEIRO

Aveiro, the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of Cascaes, the count of Redondo, D . Manoel de Portugal and D . Goncalo da Silveira, son of the count of Sortelha, who died a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr in See also:

• MONOMOTAPA

Monomotapa . At Xabregas Carnoens must have met Francisco de See also:

• MORAES, FRANCISCO DE (c. 1500-1572)

Moraes (q.v.), who had served as secretary to the count of Linhares on his embassy, and there he probably read the MS. of Palmeirim; this would explain the origin of two of his roundels which are clearly founded on passages in the See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . Camoens had had a youthful love affair in Coimbra, but on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday of the year 1544 he experienced the passion of his life . On that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in some Lisbon church he caught sight of D . Catherina de Ataide (daughter of D .

Antonio de See also:

• LIMA

Lima, high See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain to the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant D . Duarte), who had recently become a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady-in-waiting to the queen . This See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young girl, the Nathercia of his after songs, counted then some thirteen years, and was destined to be his See also:

• BEATRICE

Beatrice . To see more of her, he persuaded the count of Linhares to introduce him to the court, where his poetical gifts and culture ensured him a ready welcome, and his fifth idyll, addressed to his patron on this occasion, paved the way for his entrance . Though inferior to his later compositions, it excels in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony any verse previously written in Portuguese . At first his suit probably met with few difficulties, and if Catherina's family regarded it seriously, their poverty, combined with the fact that the poet came of a good stock and had the future in his hands, may have prevented any real opposition . It was his own imprudence that marred his fortunes, and his consciousness of this fact gave his muse that moving expression, truth and saudade, which are lacking in the somewhat artificial productions of the sentimental See also:

• PETRARCH (1304-1374)

Petrarch . But while Camoens gained protectors and admirers, his temperament and conduct ensured him envious foes, and the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of his love got out and became the subject of See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip . All was not smooth with the lady, who showed herself coy; now yielding to her heart, she was See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; and then listening to her and Camoens accompanied him to Lisbon, intending to follow him to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East in the See also:

• ARMADA, THE

armada which was due to. See also:

• SAIL

sail in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1550 . Reaching the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, the poet almost immediately enlisted, but when the time came for departure he had changed his mind . His affection for Catherina and dreams of See also:

• LITERARY

literary glory detained him, and he lived on in the expectation of obtaining a post on the strength of his services and See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . But See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month after month passed by without result, and in his disappointment he allied himself with a See also:

• GROUP

group of hot-blooded youths, including the ex-See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar Antonio See also:

• RIBEIRO, BERNARDIM (1482-1552)

Ribeiro, nicknamed " the Chiado," after whom the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of Lisbon takes its name, and endeavoured to forget his troubles in their society .

He took part in their extravagances and gained the name of " Trinca-fortes " (" Crack-braves ") from his bohemian companions, while there were ladies who mocked at his disfigurement, dubbing him " See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil " and " eyeless See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face." In the course of his adventures he had often to draw his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, either as attacker or attacked, and he boasted that he had seen the soles of the feet of many but none had seen his . When the reply to his application came from the palace it was a negative one, and he had now nothing further to expect . His stock of See also:

• MONEY

money brought from Ceuta was certainly exhausted, and misery stared him' in the face, making him desperate . On the feast of Corpus Christi, the 16th Of 'See also:

• JUNE

June 1552, he found two masked friends of his engaged in a Street fight near St See also:

• DOMINIC, SAINT (1170-1221)

Dominic's See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent, and joining in. the fray he wounded one Goncalo Borges, a palace servant, with the result that he was apprehended and lodged in See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol . This unprovoked attack upon a royal servant on so See also:

• HOLY

holy a day constituted a serious offence and cost him eight months' imprisonment . In a pathetic See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet he describes his terrible experiences, which made such an impression on him that years afterwards he recurred to them in his great autobiographical Canzon 1o . When Borges' wound was completely healed, the poet's friends intervened to assist him, and it was arranged that on his formally imploring See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon Borges should See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant it and desist from proceeding with the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . This was effected on the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1553, and on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March the king, taking into See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration that Camoens was " a youth and poor and decided to serve this year in India," confirmed the pardon . He had been obliged to humble his See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and enlist again, but while he complained of his troubles he recognized, in his See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank, honest way, that his own mistakes were in part the causes of them . After bidding good-bye to Catherina for the last time, Camoens set sail on See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

Palm See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, the 24th of March 1553, in the " S . Bento," the See also:

• FLAGSHIP

flagship of a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of four vessels, under Fernao Alvares Cabral . His last words, he says in a letter, were those of Scipio See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus, " Ingrata patria, non possidebis See also:

• OSSA (mod. Kissovo or Kissavo)

ossa mea." He relates some of his experiences on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and the events of the voyage in various sonnets in Elegy iii. and in the Lusiads .

In those days the sailors navigated the See also:

• SHIPS

ships, while the men-at-arms kept the day and See also:

• NIGHT

night watches, helped in the cleaning and, in case of necessity, at the pumps, but the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of Camoens doubtless saved him from See also:

• MANUAL

manual See also:

• WORK

work . He had much time to himself in his six months' voyage and was able to lay in a See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of nautical knowledge, while tempestuous See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather off the Cape of Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope led him to conceive the dramatic See also:

• EPISODE

episode of Adamastor (Lusiads, See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

canto 5) . The " S . Bento," the best ship of the fleet, weathered the Cape safely, and without touching at See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique, the watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of ships See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for India, anchored at See also:

• GOA

Goa in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . It seems probable that the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the Lusiads took further shape on the voyage out, and that Camoens modified his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan; cantos 3 and 4 were already written, but from an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical he now made it a maritime epic . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of India became the main theme, while the history of Portugal was interlaced with it, and the poem ended with the espousals between Portugal and the ocean, and a prophecy of the future greatness of the fatherland . At the time of his arrival Goa boasted roo,000 inhabitants, and with its magnificent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour was the commercial capital of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of India . The first viceroy had been content with a sea dominion, but the great Affonso de See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque saw that this was not enough to secure the supremacy of the Portuguese;recpgnizing the strategic value' of Goa, he seized it and made it the capital of a See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and built fortresses in every important point through the East . Since his See also:

• DEATH

death a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of remark-able victories had made the See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag of Portugal predominant, but the enervating See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, the pleasures and the See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder of . Asia, began to tell on the conquerors . Corruption was rife from the governor downwards, because the ruling ambition was to get See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of one day was a pirate the next . After all, it was only human nature, for a governorship lasted but three years and Portugal was far away, so the saying went See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round—" They are installed the first year, they rob the second, and then See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack up in the third to sail away" Camoens was well received at first, owing to his talents and bravery, and he found the life cheap and merry, but having left his country with high ideals, the injustice and demoralization of See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners he found in India soon disgusted him .

He compared Goa to See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, and called it " the mother of villains and the stepmother of honest men." His first military service in the East took place in November 1553, when he went with a force led by the viceroy to chastise a See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty king on the See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The expedition only lasted two or three months, and after some trivial combats it returned to Goa . In February of the following year Camoens accompanied the viceroy's son, D . Fernando de Menezes, who led an armada to the mouth of the Red Sea and thence up the Arabian coast to snap up hostile merchantmen and suppress piracy . Next the fleet went on to Ormuz, as was the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom with these See also:

• ANNUAL

annual cruises; and then to Bassora, where the poet helped to make some valuable prizes, and wrote a sonnet—it was ever, with him, " in one hand the sword, in the other the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen" ! Returning to Goa in November he learnt of the deaths of Prince John, and of his friend and See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil the young D . Antonio de Noronha, and paid his See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute in a feeling sonnet and eclogue, In February 1555 he sailed on another pirate See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt and spent six weary months off Cape Guardafui, varied by a visit to See also:

• MOMBASA

Mombasa and by further work on his epic, and only got back to Goa in the following September . His experiences are recorded in the profound and sad loth Canzon . Meanwhile Francisco Barreto, an honourable and generous man, had become governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of India in the June of 1555, and, his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment being popular, a reign of festivities began in See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Goa to welcome his succession, in the course of which Camoens produced his Filodemo, a dramatized novel written in his court days . The same occasion probably gave birth to the Disparates na India (" Follies of India "), and certainly to the Satyra do Torneio (" See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

Satire of the Tourney "), which confirmed the poet's reputation as a See also:

• SAYER (or SAYERS), JAMES (1748–1823)

sayer of See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp things and gave considerable umbrage to those whom the cap fitted . However, it was not the enmities thus aroused but military See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty which compelled him to quit Goa once more in the spring of 1556 . He had enlisted in Lisbon for five years, the usual term, and in compliance with the orders of the governor he sailed for the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas in See also:

• APRIL

April and there fought and versified for two years, though nearly all is guesswork at this period of his life .

He appears to have spent the time between September 1556 and February 1557 in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• TERNATE

Ternate, where he wrote Canzon 6, revealing a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of moral depression similar to that of Canzon 1o, and he perhaps visited See also:

• BANDA

Banda and Amboina . In the following year he took part in the military occupation of See also:

• MACAO (A-Ma-ngao, " Harbour of the goddess A-Ma "; Port. Macau)

Macao, which the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• CHINA

China had presented to the Portuguese in return for their destruction of a pirate fleet which had besieged See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton . The poet's five years' term of service was now over, and he remained at Macao many months waiting for a ship to carry him back to India . He had made some profit out of the Mercf de Viagem, granted by the governor Barreto to See also:

• FREE

free him from the poverty in which he habitually lived, and he spent his money royally . At the same time he continued his epic, working in the grotto which still bears his name . All seemed to be going smoothly with him until suddenly his fortunes took a serious turn for the worse . As the result of an intrigue the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the yearly ship from China to India, who acted as governor of Macao during his stay in See also:

• PORT

port, imprisoned Camoens, and took him on board with a view of bringing him to trial in India . The ship, however, was wrecked in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1559 at the mouth of the See also:

• MEKONG, or ME NAM KONG (pronounced Kawng)

Mekong See also:

• RIVER

river, and the poet had to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save his life and his Lusiads by See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming to See also:

• SHORE

shore, and though he preserved the six or seven finished cantos of the poem, he lost everything else . While wandering about on the Cambodian coast awaiting the See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon and a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel to take him to Malacca, he composed those magnificent stanzas " By the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters of Babylon," called by Lope de See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega " the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl of all poetry," in which he recalls the happy days of his youth, sighs for Lisbon (See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion) and his love, and mourns his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long exile from home . He got somehow to Malacca, and after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay there reached Goa, still as prisoner, in June 1561 . He was straightway lodged in gaol, where he heard for the first time of the death of Catherina, and he poured out his grief in the great sonnet, See also:

• ALMA

Alma Minna Gentil . The viceroy, D .

See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius de Braganca, had recently returned from Jafanapatam, bringing as See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize a tooth of See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha, and Camoens approached him with a splendid See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle in twenty octaves, after the manner of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace's See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode to See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . It failed, however, to hasten the consideration of his case, but in September the See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde de Redondo, a good friend, came into See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and immediately ordered his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release from See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . His troubles were not yet at an end, however, for one See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel See also:

• RODRIGUEZ (officially RODRIGUES)

Rodriguez Coutinho, a well-known soldier and See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Goa who See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent money at usurious rates, thought the opportunity a good one to obtain repayment of a See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and had Camoens lodged once more in gaol . As soon as he came out the poet composed a See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque roundel satirizing his persecutor under the See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname of Fios Seccos (" dry threads ") . Though very poor he now led an easier, even a pleasant life for a time . He was able to see his friends D . Vasco de Ataide, D . Francisco de See also:

• ALMEIDA
• ALMEIDA, DOM FRANCISCO DE (c. 1450-1510)

Almeida, Heitor da Silveira, Joao See also:

• LOPES, FERNAO (138o?—1459?)

Lopes Leitao and Francisco de Mello, all men of family and See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . One day he invited them to a banquet, at which, instead of the usual dishes, each-See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest was served with a set of witty verses, and after these had been read out and See also:

• CHAFF (from the A.S. ceaf, allied to the O. High Ger. cheva, a husk or pod)

chaff had gone round, the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food came and they formed a merry party . The poet used his See also:

• INTEREST

interest with the viceroy to recommend to him the naturalist See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia da See also:

• ORTA, LAKE OF

Orta, whose Colloquies on the simples and drugs of the East, the first product of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press in India, appeared in April 1563 with an ode by Camoens . His life for the next three years is almost a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank, but we know that he was hard at work See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his epic, assisted by the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of the historian Diogo do Couto, who became its commentator, and further that the new viceroy, his friend D . Antao de Noronha, nominated him to a reversion of the factory of Chaul, which, however, never See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into possession .

It is clear from his writings that fourteen years in the East had told on Camoens . His best friends were dead or scattered, and he was overwhelmed with saudade . His See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole ambition was to go home and See also:

• PRINT

print his poem, but he had no money to pay his passage . In September 1567, however, Pedro Barreto was named captain of Mozambique, and insisted on the poet accompanying him to See also:

• SOFALA

Sofala, at the same time lending him two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred cruzades . It was part of the way home, so Camoens accepted, but after they reached Mozambique Barreto called in this money, and his debtor, being unable to pay, was detained there for two whole years . Here Diogo do Couto found him " so poor that he See also:

• ATE

ate at the cost of friends, and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might embark for the See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom we friends collected for him the clothes he needed and some gave him to eat, and that See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter he finished perfecting the Lusiads for the press and wrote much in a See also:

• BOOK

book he was making, which he called Parnaso of Luiz de Camoes, a book of much learning, See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, which was stolen from him." Thanks to Couto and others, Camoens was able to liquidate his debt and set sail in November 1569 in the " Santa See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara," and he reached Portugal on the 7th of April 1570, after an See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of seventeen years . The only See also:

• WEALTH

wealth he brought with him from India was the MS. of his great poem, a " Tesoro del Luso " in the words of Cervantes . Moreover, he returned at an unfortunate moment—one of pest and See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine . The great See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague which had killed a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, or, as some say, See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the capital, was declining,but a rigid See also:

• QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine prevailed, and the ship had to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie off Cascaes until the sanitary authorities allowed her to enter the Tagus . Camoens was welcomed by his mother, whom he found " very old and very poor "—his father had died at Goa about 1555—and after a visit to Catherina's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, which inspired the poignant sonnet 337, he set about obtaining the royal See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to print the Lusiads . This was dated the 24th of September 1571 and gave him a ten years' See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright, and as soon as the book appeared some friendly and influential hand, perhaps D . Manoel de Portugal, perhaps D .

Francisca de Aragao for whom he had rhymed in the happy days of his youth, presented the national epic to King See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian . Shortly afterwards, on the 28th of See also:

• JULY

July 1572, the king gave the poet a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of fifteen milreis for the term of three years, as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for his services in India and for his poem . It was relatively a considerable sum, seeing that he had no great military See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record, and it seems even generous when we remember that See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan had only received twelve, and had left Portugal because King Manoel would not give him a slight increase . ; Many functionaries with families had less to live on, and Camoens's subsistence was secure for the time being, and he could afford an attendant, so that the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the slave Antonio may well be true . Moreover, he was in the enjoyment of the fame his poem brought him . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. is said to have read and admired it, and the powerful See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, Pedro de Alcacova Carneiro, echoed the general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion when. he remarked that it had only one defect, in not being short enough to learn by heart or long enough to have no ending . Tributes came from abroad too . See also:

• TASSO, TORQUATO (1544-1595)

Tasso wrote and sent Camoens a sonnet in his praise, Fernando de See also:

• HERRERA, FERNANDO DE (c. 1534-1597)
• HERRERA, FRANCISCO (1576-1656)

Herrera celebrated him, and the year '580 saw the publication of two Spanish versions, one at See also:

• ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala, the other at See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca . His pension lapsed in 1575, but on the and of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August it was renewed for a further term; owing, however, to a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury officials, Camoens See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew nothing for about a year and a half and fell into dire See also:

• DISTRESS

distress . This explains the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Ruy da Camara, who had engaged him to translate the See also:

• PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

penitential See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms, and not receiving the version, called on the poet, who said in excuse that he had no spirit for such work now that he wanted for everything, and that his slave had asked him for a See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel and he could not give it . On the and of June 1578, just before his start for the expedition to Africa which cost him his life and Portugal her See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, King Sebastian had renewed the poet's pension for a further period . Though Camoens had neither the See also:

• HEALTH

health nor the means to accompany the splendid See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of nobles and courtiers who followed the last crusading monarch to his See also:

• DOOM (Old Eng. dOm, a word common to Tent. languages for that which is set up or ordered, from " do," in its original meaning of " place "; cf, Gr. &Ass, from stem of ri'rust)

doom, he began an epic to celebrate the enterprise, but burnt it when he heard the See also:

• NEWS

news of the battle of Alcacer .

Instead, he mourned the death of his royal benefactor in a magnificent sonnet, and in Elegy x. reproached the cowardly soldiery who contributed to the rout . On the 31st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1580 the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal king Henry died, and, foreseeing the Spanish invasion, Camoens wrote in March to his old friend D . Francisco de Almeida: " All will see that I so loved my country that I was content not only to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in her but with her." A great plague had been raging in Lisbon since the previous year, and the poet, who lay See also:

• ILL

ill in his poor cottage in the ma de Santa Anna, depressed by the calamities of his country, fell a victim to it . He was removed to a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital and there passed away, unmarried and the last of his See also:

• LINE

line, on the loth of June 1580 . A Carmelite, Frei Jose Indio, attended him in his last moments and received the only recognition Camoens could give, his copy of the Lusiads . He wrote afterwards: " What more grievous thing than to see so great a See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius thus unfortunate . I saw him die in a hospital in Lisbon, without a See also:

• SHEET

sheet to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover him, after having triumphed in the East Indies and sailed 5000 leagues by sea." The house of Vimioso supplied the winding-sheet, and Camoens was buried with other victims of the plague in a common See also:

• GRAVE

grave in the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of Santa Anna . Years later D . Goncalo Coutinho erected in the church of that invocation an in memoriam slab of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble with an inscription, and subsequently epitaphs were added by other admirers, but the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake of 1755 damaged the See also:

• BUILDING

building, and all traces of these last acts of See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to genius have disappeared . The third See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary of the poet's death was made the occasion of a national See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

apotheosis; and on the 8th of June t88o some remains, piously believed to be his, were See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne with those of Vasco da Gamn to the national See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

pantheon, the Jeronymos at Belem . The masterpiece of Camoens, the Lusiads, is, the epos of discovery . It is written in hendecasyllabic Nava and is divided into ten cantos containing in all i 102 stanzas .

Its See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is briefly as follows . After an exordium proposing the subject invoking the Tagus See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

muses and addressing King Sebastian, Vasco da Gama's ships are shown sailing: up the East: See also:

• AFRICAN

African coast on their way to India . At a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the gods the See also:

• FATE

fate of the fleet is discussed, and Bacchus promises to thwart the voyage, while See also:

• VENUS

Venus and See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars favour the navigators . They arrive at Mozambique, where the governor endeavours to destroy them by stratagem, and, this failing; Bacchus tries other plots against them at Quiloa and Mombasa which are foiled`. by Venus . In See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to her See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter foretells the glorious feats of the Portuguese in the East, and sends See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the voyagers to Melinde, where they are hospitably received and get a See also:

• PILOT

pilot to See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide them to India . The See also:

• LOCAL

local ruler visits the fleet and asks Gama about his country and its history, and in response the latter gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the origin of the kingdom of Portugal, its See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal achievements, ending with the incidents of the voyage out . This See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital occupies cantos 3, q' and 5, and includes some of the most admired and most See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power-ltd episodes in the poem, e.g. those of Ignez de See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro, King Manoel's See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges and See also:

• INDUS

Indus, the speech of the old man of Belem and the apparition of Adamastor off the Cape of Good Hope . Canto 6 describes the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean from Melinde to See also:

• CALICUT

Calicut and a fresh hostile See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on the part of Bacchus . He descends to See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune's palace, and at a council of the sea-gods it is resolved to order See also:

• AEOLUS

Aeolus to loose the winds against the Portuguese, but the See also:

• TEMPEST, MARIE (1866– )

tempest is quelled by Venus and her See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs in answer to Gama' s See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, and the See also:

• MORNING

morning See also:

• LIGHT

light reveals the See also:

• GHATS, or GHAUTS (literally " the Landing Stairs " from the sea, or " Passes ")

Ghats of India . Just before the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, occurs the night scene in which Velloso entertains his shipmates with the story of the Twelve of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England,. another of the famous episodes . Canto ' is taken up with the arrival at Calicut, a description of the country and the details of Gama's reception by the See also:

• RAJA

raja . The governor of the city visits the fleet and inquires about the pictures on their See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

banners, whereupon Paulo da Gama, Vasco's brother, tells him of the deeds of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Portuguese kings .

Meanwhile Bacchus, not to be baulked, appears to a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet, and stirs up the Moslems against the Christian adventurers, with the result that the raja charges Gama with being a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of convicts and pirates . To this the captain makes a spirited reply and gets his despatch, but he has new snares to avoid and further difficulties to over-come before he is finally able to set sail on the return voyage . Pitying their toils, Venus determines to give the voyagers repose and See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure on their way home, and directs their Course to an enchanted island, which is described in canto 9, in the longest and perhaps the most beautiful episode in the poem . On landing they are received by the goddess and her nymphs, and general joy ensues, heightened by banquets and amorous play, In a prophetic See also:

• SONG

song, the See also:

• SIREN

siren tells of the exploits of the Portuguese viceroys, See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors and captains in India until the time of D . John de Castro, after which Tethys ascends a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain with Gama, shows him the See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres after the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy and the globe of Asia and Africa, and describes the Indian life of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas the apostle . Finally the navigators quit the island and reach Lisbon, and an See also:

• EPILOGUE

epilogue contains a patriotic exhortation to King Sebastian and visions of glory, which ended, so disastrously at the battle of Alcacer . Though the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Camoens on Portuguese has been exaggerated, it was very considerable, and he so far fixed the written language that at the See also:

• PRESENT

present day it is commonly and not inaccurately called " the language of Camoens." The Lusiads is the most successful modern epic See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MOULD

mould, and it has done much to preserve the corporate life of the Portuguese See also:

• PEOPLE

people and to keep alive the spirit of See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality in tithesof adversity like the " Spanish Captivity " and the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic invasion . Even now it forms a powerful See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond between the mother-country and her potentially mighty daughter-nation across the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . The men of the Renaissance saw nothing incongruous in that mixture of paganism and See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity which is found in the Lusiads as in See also:

• ARIOSTO, LODOVICO (1474-1533)

Ariosto, though some modern critics, like See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, consider it a grave See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic defect in the poem . The fact that the Lusiads is written in a little-known language, and its intensely national and almost exclusively historical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, undoubtedly militate against a right estimate of its value, now that Portugal, once a world power, has long ceased to hold the East in See also:

• FEE

fee or to guide the destinies of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . But though See also:

• POLITICAL

political changes may and do react on literary appreciations, the Lusiads remains none the less a great poem, breathing the purest religious fervour, love of country and spirit of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, with splendid imaginative and descriptive. passages full of the truest and deepest poetry . The structure is Virgilian, but the whole conception is the author's own, while the style is natural and noble, the diction nearly always correct and elegant, and the verse, as a rule, sonorous and full of harmony .

el)). addition to his epic, Camoens wrote sonnets, canzons, odes, sextinesteclogues, elegies, octaves, roundels, letters and comedies . The roundels include camas, motes, voltas, canligas , trovas, pastorals and endechas . In the opinion of many competent See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges Camoens only attains his true stature in his lyrics; and a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of his sonnets, two or three of the canzons, eclogues and elegies, and the Babylonian roundels will See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear comparison with any composition of the same kind that other literatures can show . Referring to the Lusiads, A. von Humboldt calls Camoens a great :maritime painter," but in his best lyrics he is a thinker as well as a poet, and when free from the trammels of the epic and inherited respect for classical traditions, he reveals a See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality so virile and deep, a philosophy so broad and human, a See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision so wide, and a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and style so nearly perfect, as not only to make him the foremost of See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular bards but to entitle him to a place in that small See also:

• COMPANY

company of universal poets of the first rank . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and most See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic portrait of Camoens appeared 1n024. with his life, by Manoel Severim de Faria . It is a kitcat and shows the poet in See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour wearing a See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• CROWN

crown; his right hand holds a pen, his left rests on a copy of the Lusiads, while a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield above shows the family arms, a See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon rising from between rocks: The likeness exhibits a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic or See also:

• NORTHERN

northern type, and the tradition of his red See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue eyes confirms it . Except for an ode, sonnet and elegy, all Camoens's lyrics were published posthumously . Au-mom-rms.—The most modern and most See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies are those of Dr Theophilo See also:

• BRAGA

Braga, See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam--"es, epoca e Vide (See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

Oporto, 1907), and of Dr Wilhelm Storck, Luis de Camoes Leben (See also:

• PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

Paderborn, 189o), while the most satisfactory edition of the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete works is due to the Visconde de Juromenha (6 vols., Lisbon, 186o-1869), though it contains some See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious See also:

• MATTER

matter . While rejecting without good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason many of the traditions accepted by Juromenha in his life of the poet, Storck embroiders on his own account, and Braga must be preferred to him . Two volumes of Innocencio da See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva's Diccionario Bibliographic() Portuguez (14 and 15) are entirely devoted to Camoens and Camoniana, the second of them dealing fully with the tercentenary celebrations . Among modern Portuguese studies of the national epic the most important are perhaps Cam"oes e a Renascence em Portugal, by Oliveira Martins, and Camooes e o Sentimento National, by Dr T . Braga (Oporto, 1891) .

The latter See also:

• VOLUME

volume contains useful See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information on the various See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of Camoens, with an account of the texts and remarks on his plagiarists . Very few poets have been so often translated, and a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list and estimate of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of the Lusiads from the time of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• FANSHAWE, SIR RICHARD

Fanshawe (1655) downwards, will be found in Sir Richard See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton's Camoens: His Life and His Lusiads, which, notwithstanding some errors, is a most informing book, and the result of a curious similarity of temperament and experience between master and See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple . Burton translated the Lusiads (2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 188o) and the 'Lyricks (sonnets, canzons, odes and sextines; 2 vols., London, 1884), and left a version of all the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor works in MS . The accurate and readable version of the epic by Mr J . J . Aubertin, with the Portuguese See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text opposite, has gone through two editions (2nd ed., 2 vols., London, 1884), and there is a version of seventy of the sonnets, accompanied by the Portuguese text, by the same author (London, 1881) . (E .