See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

CAMP (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. campus, See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used more particularly in a military sense, but also generally for a temporarily organized See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food'and shelter in open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, as opposed to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• HOUSING

housing (see CAMPING-OUT) . The shelter of troops in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field has always been of the greatest importance to their wellbeu'ig,l and from the earliest times tents and other temporary shelters 'have been employed as much as possible when it is not feasible or advisable tee See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter the troops in See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks or in houses . The applied sense of the word " See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp " as a military See also:

• POST

post of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind comes from the practice which prevailed in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman' artily of fortifying every encampment . In See also:

• MODERN

modern warfare the word is `lined in two ways . In the wider sense, '' `etYmp '' is opposed to " billets,""cantonments " or " quarters," in which the troops are scattered: amongst the houses of towns or villages for 'food, and` shelter . In a purely military camp the soldiers live and See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

Sleep in,anarea of open ground allotted for their See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole use . They are thtls kept in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of concentration and readiness for immediate See also:

• ACTION

action, and are under better disciplinary See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control than when in quarters, but they suffer more from the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather and from the want of comfort and warmth . In the restricted sense " camp " implies tents for all ranks, and is thus opposed to " See also:

• BIVOUAC (a French word generally said to have been introduced during the Thirty Years' War, perhaps derived from Beiwacht, extra guard)

bivouac," in which the only shelter is that afforded by improvised screens, Sze., or at most small tentes d'abri carried in sections by the men themselves . The See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of large regulation 'tents and the consequent increase in the number of horses and vehicles in the transport service are, however, disadvantages so See also:

• GRAVE

grave that the employment of See also:

• CANVAS

canvas camps in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European warfare is almost a thing of the past . If the military situation permits, all troops are put into quarters, only the outpost troops bivouacking . This course was pursued by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German field armies in 1870-1871; even during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . Circumstances may of course require occasionally a whole See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to 'bivouac, but' in theatres of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in which quarters are not to be depbnded'upon, tents must be provided, for no troops can endure many successive nights in bivouac, except in summer, without serious detriment to their efficiency .

In a war on the Russo-German °'frontier, for instance, especially if operations *ere carried dut in 'the autumn and winter, tents would be 'absolutely essential at whatever cost of transport . In this connexion it may be said that a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system obviates many of the disadvantages attending the use of tents . For trainin'g' purposes in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, See also:

• STANDING

standing camps are formed . These 'enay be considered simply as temporary barracks . An entrenched camp' is an See also:

• AREA

area, of ground occupied by, or suitable for, the camps of large bodies of • troops, and protected by fortifications: See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Camps.—See also:

• ENGLISH

English writers use "camp" as a generic term for any remains of ancient military posts, irrespective of their See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, See also:

• SIZE

size, purpose, &t . Thus they include under it various dissimilar things . We may distinguish (r) Roman %`camps" (castra) of three kinds, large permanent fortresses, small permanent forts (both usually built of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone) and temporary earthen encampments (see ROMAN ARMY); (2) Pre-Roman; and (3) Post-Roman camps, such as occur on: many English hilltops . We know far too little to be able to assign these to their special periods . Often we can say no more than that the "camp" is not Roman . But we know that enclosures fortified with earthen walls were thrown up as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as thei See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze Age and probably earlier still, and that they continued to be built down to See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times . These consisted of hilltops or cliff* proniontories or other suitable positions• fortified with one or more lines of earthen ramparts with ditches; often attaining huge size . But the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, of an artificial See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation seems to have come in first with the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans ..

Their moues or earthen mbunds crowned with wooden palisades or atone towers and surrounded by an enclosure on the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat constituted a new See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in fortification and greatly aided the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .