See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating See also:

• ULCER

ulcer)  , the name given to a class of morbid growths or tumours which occur in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and also in most or all vertebrate animals . The See also:

• TERM

term " See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant disease" is commonly used as synonymous with " See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

cancer." For the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology, &c., of tumours see See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

TuMouR . Cancer exists in various forms, which, although differing from each other in many points, have yet certain See also:

• COMMON

common characters to which they owe their See also:

• SPECIAL

special significance . 1 . In structure such growths are composed of nucleated cells and See also:

• FREE

free nuclei together with a milky fluid called cancer juice, all contained within a more or less dense fibrous stroma or framework . 2 . They have no well-defined limits, and they involve all textures in their vicinity, while they also tend to spread by the lymphatics and See also:

• VEINS

veins, and to cause similar growths in distant parts or See also:

• ORGANS

organs called " secondary cancerous growths." 3 . They are undergoing See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant increase, and their progress is usually rapid . 4 . See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

Pain is a frequent symptom . When See also:

• PRESENT

present it is generally of a severe and agonizing See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and together with the See also:

• LOCAL

local effects of the disease and the resulting See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• ILL

ill See also:

• HEALTH

health or " cachexia," hastens the fatal termination to which all cancerous growths tend . 5 .

When such growths are removed by the surgeon they are See also:

• APT

apt to return either at the same or at some other See also:

• PART

part . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief varieties of cancer are Scirrhus or hard cancer, Encephaloid or soft cancer and See also:

• EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

Epithelial cancer . Scirrhus is remarkable for its hardness, which is due to the large amount of its fibrous, and relatively small proportion of its See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell elements . It is of comparatively slow growth, but it tends to spread and to ulcerate . Its most common seat by far is the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, though it sometimes affects See also:

• INTERNAL

internal organs . Encephaloid is in structure the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse of the last, its softness depending on the preponderance of its cell over its fibrous elements . Its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and consistence resemble See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain substance (hence its name), and it is of such rapid growth as to have given rise to its being occasionally termed acute cancer . Its most CANCER 175 frequent seats are internal organs or the limbs . Ulceration and See also:

• HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. atµa, blood, and prryvvvac, to burst)

haemorrhage are common accompaniments of this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of cancer . Epithelial cancer. is largely composed of cells resembling the natural epithelium of the See also:

• BODY

body . It occurs most frequently in those parts provided with epithelium, such as the skin and mucous membranes, or where those adjoin, as in the lips . This form of cancer does not spread so rapidly nor produce secondary growths in other organs to the same extent as the two other varieties, but it tends equally with them to involve the neigh bouring lymphatic glands, and to recur after removal .

Cancer affects all parts of the body, but is much more frequent in some. tissues than. in others . According to See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics prepared by the registrar-general for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (sixty-seventh See also:

• ANNUAL

annual-See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report) the most frequent seats are, in numerical See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, as follows: See also:

• MALES

males—See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, rectum, intestines, aesophagus, See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue,; See also:

• FEMALES

females—uterus, breast, stomach, liver, intestines, rectum, . Other statistics give similar, though not identical results . It may be said, broadly, that the most frequent seats are the female sexual organs and after them the See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract in both sexes . In See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, in whom cancer is rare, the most frequent , seats appear to be—under five, the kidneys and supra-renal bodies; five to ten, the brain; ten to twenty, the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm and See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg bones . Cancer tends to advance steadily to a fatal termination, but its duration varies in different cases according to the part affected and according to the variety of the disease . Soft cancer affecting important organs of the body often proves fatal in a few months, while, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, cases of hard or epithelial cancer may sometimes last for several years; but no precise limit can be assigned for any form of the disease . In some rare instances growths exhibiting all the signs of cancer may exist for a See also:

• GREAT

great length of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time without making any progress, and may even dwindle and disappear altogether . This is called " spontaneous cure." Cancer has been the subject of observation from time immemorial, and of the most elaborate investigation by innumerable workers in recent years; but the problems of its cancer origin and character have hitherto baffled inquiry. See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . See also:

• MODERN

Modern scientific study of them may be said to have begun with J . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller's microscopic See also:

• WORK

work in the structure of cancerous See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . A great impetus to this See also:

• LINE

line of investigation was given by the cellular theory of R .

See also:

• VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (1821-1902)

Virchow and the pathological researches of See also:

• SIR

Sir J . See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget, and general See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was directed to the microscopic examination of the cells of which cancer is composed . This led to a See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification, . on which much reliance was once placed, of different kinds of cancer, based on the character of the cells, and particularly to a distinction between carcinoma, in which the cells are of the epithelial type, and sarcoma, in which they are of the connective tissue type . The distinction, though still maintained, has proved barren; it never had any real significance, either clinical or pathological, and the tendency in recent research is to ignore it . The increased knowledge gained in numerous other branches of biological See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science has also been brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear on the problem of cancer and has led to a number of theories; and at the same time the apparently increasing prevalence of the disease recorded by the vital statistics of many countries has See also:

• DRAWN

drawn more and more public attention to it . Two results have followed . One is the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of special endowed institutions devoted to cancer research; the other is the publication and discussion of innumerable theories and proposed methods of treatment . Popular See also:

• INTEREST

interest has been constantly fanned by the announcement of some pretended See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery or cure, in which the public is invited to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place its See also:

• TRUST

trust . Such announcements have no scientific value whatever . In the rare cases in which they are not pure quackery, they are always premature and based on inadequate data . Organized cancer research stands on a different footing . It may be regarded as the revival at the end of the 19th century of what was unsuccessfully attempted at the beginning .

As early as 1792, at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of Mr . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, surgeon, a See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward was opened at the See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital in See also:

• LONDON

London for the special benefit of persons suffering from cancer . It was fitted up and endowed anonymously by Mr . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WHITBREAD, SAMUEL (1758-1815)

Whitbread, M.P. for See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, and according to the terms of the benefaction at least six patients were to be continually maintained in it until relieved by See also:

• ART

art or released by See also:

• DEATH

death . The purpose was both philanthropic and scientific, as Mr . Howard explained in bringing forward the suggestion . Two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, he said, presented themselves to his mind, " namely, the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of persons suffering under this disease and the investigation of a complaint which, although extremely common, is both with regard to its natural See also:

• HISTORY

history and cure but imperfectly known." This benefaction was the origin of one of the most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete institutions for the scientific study of cancer that exists to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In 1804 a Society for Investigating the Nature of Cancer was formed by a number of medical men in London, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and other towns at the instigation of John See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter . The aim was collective investigation, and an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to carry it out by issuing forms of inquiry; but the imperfect means of communication then existing caused the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme to be abandoned in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time . Subsequent attempts at collective investigation also failed until recently . About 1900 a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, which had been for some time gathering force, began to take visible shape simultaneously in different countries . The cancer ward at the Middlesex hospital had then See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into a cancer wing, and to it were added special laboratories for the investigation of cancer, which were opened on the 1st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March Igoo .

In this establishment the fully equipped means of clinical and laboratory research were See also:

• UNITED

united under one roof and manned by a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of investigators under the direction of Dr W . S . See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year the Deutsche Comite As . Krebsforschung was organized in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, receiving an annual See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of 5000 marks (£25o) from the imperial See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . This body devoted its energies to making a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of cancer patients in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany on a definite date . Aspecial ward for cancer was also set apart at the Charite hospital in Berlin, with a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state endowment of 53,000 marks (£256o) per annum, and a laboratory for cancer research was attached to the first medical clinique under See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Efnst von See also:

• LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811)

Leyden at the same hospital . A third institution in Germany is a special cancer See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department at the Royal Prussian See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute for Experimental See also:

• THERAPEUTICS (Gr. BepaaeuTLKIi, Sc. TEXVrt, from Beparebsty, to serve)

Therapeutics at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, which has been supported, like the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in England, by private contributions on a generous See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . The fund just mentioned was initiated in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 19o1, and its operations took definite shape a year later, when Dr . E . F . Bashford was appointed general See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of research .

The See also:

• PATRON

patron of thefoundation was See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII., and the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president was the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Wales . It had in 1908 a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital endowment of about £120,000, subscribed by private munificence and producing an income of about £7000 a year . The central laboratory is situated in the examination See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in London, and the work is conducted under the superintendence of an executive See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee formed by representatives of those bodies . In the United States a cancer laboratory, which had been established in See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo in 1898 under Dr Roswell See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, was formally placed under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York state in See also:

• JUNE

June 1901, and is supported by an annual See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of $15,000 (£3000) . There are other provisions in the United States connected with Harvard and Cornell See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . At the former the " See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

Brewer See also:

• CROFT (or CROFTS), WILLIAM (1678–1727)
• CROFT, SIR HERBERT
• CROFT, SIR JAMES (d. 1590)

Croft Fund for Cancer Research " started special investigations in the surgical department of the Harvard Medical School in 29oo or the previous year, and in connexion with the Cornell University Medical School there is a small endowment called the "See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon Cancer Research Fund." There appear to be institutions of a similar character in other countries, in addition to innumerable investigators at universities and other See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary seats of scientific research . Some attempt has been made to co-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate the work thus carried on in different countries . An See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international cancer See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress was held at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg and Frankfort in 1906, and a proposal was put forward by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German representatives that apermanent international .See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference on cancer should be established, with headquarters in Berlin . The committee of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund did not fall in with the proposal, being of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that more was to be gained in the existing See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of knowledge by individual intercourse and See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of material between actual laboratory workers . In spite of the immense concentration of effort indicated by the simultaneous establishment of so many centres of endowed research, and in spite of the See also:

• LIGHT

light thrown upon the problem from many sides by modern biological ofcAacer. science, our knowledge of thee origin of cancer is still in such a tentative state that a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the theories put forward is not called for; it will suffice to indicate their general See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift . The actual pathological See also:

• PROCESS

process of cancer is extremely See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . Certain cells, which are apparently of a normal character and have previously performed normal functions, begin to grow and multiply in an abnormal way in some part of the body .

They continue this process so persistently that they first invade and then destroy the surrounding tissues; nothing can withstand their march . They are moreover carried to other parts of the body, where they establish them-selves and grow in the same way . Their activity is carried on with relentless determination, though at a varying See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace, until the patient See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies, unless they are bodily removed . Hence the word " malignant." The problem is—what are these cells, or why do they behave in this way ? The principal answers put forward may be summarized:—(1) they are epithelial cells which grow without ceasing because the connective tissue has lost the capacity to hold their proliferative See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in check (H . See also:

• FREUND, WILHELM (1806—1894)

Freund, following K . See also:

• THIERSCH, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784-1860)

Thiersch and W . Waldeyer); (2) they are embryonic cells accidentally shut off (J . F . Cohnheim) (3) they are epithelial cells with a latent See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of unlimited proliferation which becomes active on their being dislocated from the normal association (M . W . H .

Ribbert and Borrmann) ; (4) they are stimulated to unlimited growth by the presence of a See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite (Plimmer, Sanfelice, Roncali and others); (5) they are fragments of reproductive tissue (G . T . Beatson); (6) they are cells which have lost their differentiated character and assumed elementary properties (von Hausemann, O . Hertwig) . The very number and variety of hypotheses show that none is established . Most of them attempt to explain the growth but not the origin of the disease . The See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of a parasitic origin, suggested by recent discoveries in relation to other diseases, has attracted much attention; but the observed phenomena of cancerous growths are not in keeping with those of all known parasitic diseases, and the theory is now somewhat discredited . A more recent theory that cancer is due to failure of the normal secretions of the See also:

• PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh)

pancreas has not met with much See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance . Some generalizations bearing on the problem have been drawn from the work done in the laboratories of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, They may be summarily stated thus . Cancer has been shown to be an identical process in all vertebrates (including fishes), and to develop at a time which conforms in a striking manner to the limits imposed by the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long or short See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of See also:

• LIFE

life in different animals . Cancerous tissue can be artificially propagated in the short-lived See also:

• MOUSE

mouse by actual transference to another individual, but only to one of the same See also:

• SPECIES

species . Cancerous tissue thus propagated presents all the characteristic features of the malignant growth of sporadic tumours; it infiltrates and produces extensive secondary growths .

Under suitable experimental conditions the aggregate growth of a cancer is undefined, of enormous and, so far as we can See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, of limitless amount . This extraordinary growth is due to the continued proliferation of cancerous cells when trans-planted . The processes by which growing cancer cells are transferred to a new individual are easily distinguishable and fundamentally different from all known processes of infection . The artificial See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of cancer causes no specific symptoms of illness in the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal in which it proceeds . Under artificial propagation cancer maintains all the characters of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original tumours of the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary hosts . Carcinoma and sarcoma agree in possessing all the pathological and cellular features of malignant new growths . Simultaneously with the active pursuit of laboratory research much statistical work has been devoted to establishing the broad facts of the prevalence and incidence of cancer on a See also:

• FIRM

firm basis . The point of most general interest is the apparently steady increase of the disease in all countries possessing fairly trustworthy records . It will be sufficient to give the figures for England and Wales as an example .