See also:

• CANON

CANON See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

LAW  . See also:

• CANON

Canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• JUS

jus canonicum, is the sum of the See also:

• LAWS

laws which regulate the ecclesiastical See also:

• BODY

body; for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason it is also called ecclesiastical law, jus ecclesiasticum . It is also referred to under the name of canones, sacri canones, a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity, for the Kavoves, regulae, were very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early distinguished from the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular laws, the v6 tot, leges . The word Kaviav, canon, has been employed in ecclesiastical literature in several different senses (see CANON above) . The worn disciplinary decisions of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea, for "canon." example (can . 1, 2, &c.), employ it in the sense of an Different established See also:

• RULE

rule, ecclesiastical in its origin and in its meanings. See also:

• OBJECT

object . But the expression is most frequently used to designate disciplinary laws, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case canons are distinguished from dogmatic See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions . With regard to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the decisions of See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, even when dogmatic, are called canons; thus the definitions of the council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent or of the Vatican, which generally begin with the words " Si quis dixerit," and end with the See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema, are canons; while the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long chapters, even when dealing withmattersof discipline, retain the name of chapters or decrees . Similarly, it has become customary to give the name of canons to the texts inserted in certain canonical compilations such as the Decretum of See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian, while the name of chapters is given to the analogous quotations from the Books of the See also:

• DECRETALS (Epistolae decretales)

Decretals . It is merely a question of words and of usage . As to the expression jus canonicum, it implies the systematic codification of ecclesiastical legislation, and had no existence previous to the labours which resulted in the Corpus See also:

• JURIS

juris canonici . Canon law is divided into public law and private law; the former is concerned with the constitution of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and, Divisions, consequently, with the relations between her and other bodies, religious and See also:

• CIVIL

civil; the latter has as its object the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal discipline of the ecclesiastical body and its members .

This See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, which has been found convenient for the study of canon law, has no precedent in the collections of texts . With regard to the texts now in force, the name of jus antiquum, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient law, has been given to the laws previous to the Corpus juris canonici; the legislation of this Corpus has been called jus novum, new law; and finally, the name of See also:

• RECENT

recent law, jus novissimum, has been given to the law established by the council of Trent and subsequent papal constitutions . There is a further distinction between the written law, jus scriptum, laws made by the councils or popes, which are to be found in the collections, and the unwritten law, jus non scriptum, a body of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical rules arising rather from natural See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity and from See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom than from formal laws; with this is connected the customary law . In the Church, as in other See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, it has happened that the unwritten customary law has undergone a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual diminution in importance, as a consequence of centralization and the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of written laws; nowadays it need not be reckoned with, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in cases where See also:

• LOCAL

local customs are involved . The See also:

• COMMON

common law is that which is intended to regulate the whole body; See also:

• SPECIAL

special or local law is that which is concerned with certain districts or certain categories of persons, by derogation from or addition to the common law . By the See also:

• SOURCES

sources or authors of the canon law are meant the authorities from which it is derived; they must obviously be of such a nature as to be binding upon the whole religious body, or at least upon a specified portion of it .. In the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank must be placed See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and the Apostles, whose v . 7dispositions for the constitution and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Church are contained in the New Testament, completed by tradition; for the Church did not accept the disciplinary and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual -See also:

• PRO

pro-visions of the Old Testament as binding upon her (see Acts xi., xv.) . To the apostles succeeded the episcopal body, with its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the successor of St . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, whose legislative and disciplinary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, by a See also:

• PROCESS

process of centralization, underwent a slow but uninterrupted development . It is then to the episcopate, assembled in ecumenical council, and to its chief, that the See also:

• FUNCTION

function of legislating for the whole Church belongs; the inferior authorities, local councils or isolated bishops and prelates, can only make special laws or statutes, valid only for that See also:

• PART

part of the Church under their See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . Most of the canons, however, which constitute the ancient law, and notably those which appear in the Decretum of Gratian, emanate from local councils, or even from individual bishops; they have found a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the common law because the collections of canons, of which they formed the most notable part, have been everywhere adopted .

Having made these See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general observations, we must now consider the See also:

• HISTORY

history of those texts and collections of canons which to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day form the ecclesiastical law of the Western Church: (1) up to the Decretum of Gratian, (2) up to the council of Trent, (3 and 4) up to the See also:

• PRESENT

present day, including the codification ordered by See also:

• PIUS

Pius X . 1 . From the Beginning to the Decretum of Gratian.—At no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and least of all during the earliest centuries, was there any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to draw up a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• SYSTEM

system of legislation for the whole of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Church . - The various communities ruled them-selves principally according to their customs and traditions, which, however, possessed a certain uniformity resulting from their See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion with natural and divine law . Strangely enough, those documents which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the greatest resemblance to a small collection of canonical regulations, such as the See also:

• DIDACHE
• DIDACHE, THE

Didache, the Didascalia and the Canons of See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus, have not been retained, and find no place in the collections of canons, doubtless for the reason that they were not See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official documents . Even the See also:

• APOSTOLICAL

Apostolical Constitutions (q.v.), an expansion of the Didache and the Didascalia, after exercising a certain amount of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, were rejected by the council in Trullo (692) . Thus the only pseudo-epigraphic document preserved in the law of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church is the small collection of the eighty-five so-called "Apostolic Canons " (q.v.) . The compilers, in their several collections, gathered only occasional decisions, the outcome of no pre-determined See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, given by councils or by certain great bishops . These compilations began in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . It appears that in several different districts canons made by the local assemblies' were added to those of the council of Nicaea which were everywhere accepted and observed . The first example seems to be that of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, where after the twenty canons of Nicaea were placed the twenty-five canons of the council of See also:

• ANCYRA (mod. Angora, q.v.)

Ancyra (.314), and the fifteen of that of Neocaesarea (315-320) . These texts were adopted at See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, where there were further added the twenty-five canons of the so-called council in encaeniis of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (341) .

Soon after-wards, See also:

• PAPHLAGONIA

Paphlagonia contributed twenty canons passed at the council of Gangra (held, according to the Synodicon orientale, in 343),2 and See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia fifty-nine canons of the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea (345-381?), or rather of the compilation known as the See also:

• WORK

work of this council.' The collection was so well and so widely known that all these canons were numbered in sequence, and thus at the council of See also:

• CHALCEDON
• CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF

Chalcedon (451) several of the canons of Antioch were read out under the number assigned to them in the collection of, the whole . It was further increased by the ' The councils which we are about to mention, up to the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, have been published several times, notably in the great collections of See also:

• HARDOUIN, JEAN (1646-1729)

Hardouin, Mansi, &c.; they will be found brought together in one small See also:

• VOLUME

volume in Bruns, Canones apostolorum et conciliorum (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1839) . 2 The date of this council was formerly unknown; it is ascribed to 343 by the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac Nestorian collection recently published by M . See also:

• CHABOT, FRANCOIS (1757-1794)
• CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE
• CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE, SEIGNEUR DE BRION, COUNT OF CHARNY AND BUZANSAIS ((a 1492-1543)

Chabot, Synodicon Orientale, p . 278, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 4 . See Boudinhon, " Note sur le concile de Laodicee," in the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn See also:

• PIE

pie rendu du premier congres See also:

• DES

des savants catholiques a See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1888 (Paris, 1889), vol. ii. p . 420 . Sr Sources . Greek collection . twenty-eight (See also:

• THIRTY

thirty) canons of Chalcedon; about the same time were added the four canons of the council of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople of 381, under the name of which also appeared three (or seven) other canons of a later date . Towards the same date, also, the so-called " Apostolic Canons " were placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• GROUP

group . Such was the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the Greek collection when it was translated and introduced into the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West .

In the course of the 6th century the collection was completed by the addition of documents already in existence, but which had hitherto remained isolated, notably the canonical letters of several great bishops, See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, St See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil and others . It was at this time that the Latin collection of Dionysius Exiguus became known; and just as he had given the Greek councils a place in his collection, so from him were borrowed the canons of councils which did not appear in the Greek collection—the twenty canons of See also:

• SARDICA, COUNCIL OF

Sardica (343), in the Greek See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, which differs considerably from the Latin; and the council of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage of 419, which itself included, more or less completely, in 105 canons, the decisions of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African councils . Soon after came the council in Trullo (692), also called the Quinisextum, because it was considered as complementary to the two councils (5th and 6th ecumenical) of Constantinople (553 and 68o), which had not made any disciplinary canons . This assembly elaborated 102 canons, which did not become part of the Western law till much later, on the initiative of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John VIII . (872-881) . Now, in the second of its canons, the council in Trullo recognized us final and sanctioned the Greek collection above men-form. tioned; it enumerates all its articles, insists on the recognition of these canons, and at the same time prohibits the addition of others . As thus defined, the collection contains the following documents: firstly, the eighty-five Apostolic Canons, the Constitutions having been put aside as having suffered heretical alterations; secondly, the canons of the councils of Nicaea, Ancyra, Neocaesarea, Gangra, Antioch, Laodicea, Constantinople (381), See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (the disciplinary canons of this council See also:

• DEAL

deal with the reception of the See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians, and were not communicated to the West), Chalcedon, Sardica, Carthage (that of 419, according to Dionysius), Constantinople (394) ; thirdly, the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of canonical letters of the following great bishops—Dionysius of Alexandria, Peter of Alexandria (the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr), See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory Thaumaturgus, See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, See also:

• AMPHILOCHUS

Amphilochus of See also:

• ICONIUM (mod. Konia)

Iconium, See also:

• TIMOTHEUS

Timotheus of Alexandria, See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus of Alexandria, See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of Alexandria, Gennadius of Constantinople; the canon of See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian of Carthage (the Martyr) is also mentioned, but with the note that it is only valid for See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . With the addition of the twenty-two canons of the ecumenical council of Nicaea (787), this will give us the whole contents of the official collection of the Greek Church; since then it has remained unchanged . The law of the Greek Church was in reality rather the work of the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine emperors.' The collection has had several commentators; we need only mention the commentaries of See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius (883),Lonaras (1120) and Balsamon (1170) . A collection in which the texts are simply reproduced in their See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is obviously inconvenient; towards 550, Johannes Scholasticus, See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Constantinople, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a methodical See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of them under fifty heads . Finally should be mentioned yet another See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of compilation still in use in the Greek Church, bearing the name of nomocanon, because in them are inserted, See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the ecclesiastical canons, the imperial laws on each subject: the chief of them are the one bearing the name of Johannes Scholasticus, which belongs, however, to a later date, and that of Photius (883) . The canon law of the other Eastern Churches had no marked influence on the collections of the Western Church, so we need not speak of it here .

While, from the 5th century onwards a certain unification in the ecclesiastical law began to take place ' For the further history of the law of the Greek Church and that of the Eastern Churches, see Wring, Kirchenrecht, §§ 14-183 (ed . 1893) . The See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Church, as we know, adopted the Greek ecclesiastical law.within the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of the see of Constantinople, it was not till later that a similar result was arrived at in the West . For several centuries there is no mention of any but local collections of canons, and even these are not found till the 5th century; we have to come down to the 8th or even the 9th century before we find any trace of unification . This process was uniformly the result of the passing on of the various collections from one region to another . The most remarkable, and the most homogeneous, as well as without doubt the most ancient of these local collections is that of the Church of Africa . It was formed, so to speak, Africa. automatically, owing to the plenary assemblies of the African episcopate held practically every See also:

• YEAR

year, at which it was customary first of all to read out the canons of the previous councils . This gave to the collection an official See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . At the time of the Vandal invasion this collection comprised the canons of the council of Carthage under Gratus (about 348) and under Genethlius (39o), the whole series of the twenty or twenty-two plenary councils held during the episcopate of Aurelius, and finally, those of the councils held at Byzacene . Of the last-named we have only fragments, and the series of the councils under Aurelius is very incomplete . The African collection has not come to us directly: we have two incomplete and confused arrangements of it, in two collections, that of the Hispana and that of Dionysius Exiguus . Dionysius knows only the council of 419, in connexion with the affair of Apiarius; but in this single text are reproduced, more or less fully, &'most all the synods of the collection; this was the celebrated See also:

• CON

Con-cilium Africanum, so often quoted in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, which was also recognized by the Greeks .

The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish collection divides the African canons among seven councils of Carthage and one of Mileve; but in many cases it ascribes them to the wrong source; for example, it gives under the title of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth council of Carthage, the Statuta Ecclesiae antiqua, an Arlesian compilation of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Caesarius,. which has led to a number of incorrect references . Towards the middle of the 6th century a Carthaginian See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon, See also:

• FULGENTIUS, FABIUS PLANCIADES

Fulgentius Ferrandus, drew up a Breviatio canonum,2 a methodical arrangement of the African collection, in the order of the subjects . From it we learn that the canons of Nicaea and the other Greek councils, up to that of Chalcedon, were also known in Africa . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Church, even more than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, governed itself according to it; own customs and traditions . Up to the end of the 5th century the only canonical document of See also:

• ROMA

Roma non-Roman origin which it officially recognized was the group of canons of Nicaea, under which name were also included those of Sardica . A Latin version of the other Greek councils (the one referred to by Dionysius as prisca) was known, but no canonical use was made of it . The local law was founded on usage and on the papal letters called decretals . The latter were of two kinds: some were addressed to the bishops of the ecclesiastical province immediately subject to the pope; the others were issued in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to questions submitted from various quarters; but in both cases the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is the same . At the beginning of the 6th century the Roman Church adopted the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double collection, though of private origin, which was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up at that time by the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk Dionysius, known by the name of Dionysius Exiguus, which he himself had assumed as a sign of humility . He was a Scythian by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and did not come to Rome till after 496; his learning was considerable for his times, and to him we owe the employment of the Christian era and a new way of reckoning See also:

• EASTER

Easter . At the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, bishop of Salona, he undertook the task of making a new See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Greek text, of the canons of the Greek collection . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript which he used contained only the first fifty of the Apostolic Canons; these he translated, and they thus became part of the law of the West, This part of the work of Dionysius was not added to later; it was otherwise with the second part .

This 2 Edited by See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• PITHOU, PIERRE (1539-1596)

Pithou (Paris, 1588), and later by Chifflet, Falb . Frrrandi See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera (See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, 1694); reproduced in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Pate . See also:

• LAT

Lat. vol . 67, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 949 . Nomocanon . In the West . Dlonyslus Exiguus and his collection . embodied the documents containing the local law, namely 39 decretals of the popes from See also:

• SIRICIUS

Siricius (384-398) to See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius II . (496-498) . As was natural this collection received successive additions as further decretals appeared . The collection formed by combining these two parts remained the only official See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of the Roman Church until the labours undertaken in consequence of the reforming See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in the rrth century .

In 774 Pope See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian I. gave the twofold collection of the Scythian monk to the future See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne as the canonical See also:

• BOOK

book of the Roman Church; this is what is called the Dionysio-Hadriana . This was an important See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the history of the centralization of canon law; the collection was officially received t)loaysio- b the Frankish Church, imposed b the council of Hadriana . Y by See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle of 802, and from that time on was recognized and quoted as the See also:

• LIBER

liber canonum . If we consider that the Church of Africa, which had already suffered considerably from the Vandal invasion, was at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period almost entirely destroyed by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, while the See also:

• FATE

fate of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain was but little better, it is easy to see why the collection of Dionysius became the code of almost the whole of the Western Church, with the exception of the Anglo-Saxon countries; though here too it was known . The other collections of canons, of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian origin, compiled before the loth century, are of importance on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the documents which they have preserved for us, but as they have' not exercised any great influence on the development of canon law, we may pass them over . The Dionysio-Hadriana did not, when introduced into See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, take the place of any other generally received collection of In Gaul. canons . In this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the Church had not been centralized See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal see which would have produced unity in canon law as in other things; even the See also:

• POLITICAL

political territorial divisions had been very unstable . The only canonical centre of much activity was the Church of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles, Nhich exercised considerable influence over the surrounding region in the 5th and 6th centuries . The chief collection known throughout Gaul before the Dionysio-Hadriana was the so- called collection of See also:

• QUESNEL, PASQUIER (1634-1719)

Quesnel, named after its first Quesnel co/See also:

• LECTION, LECTIONARY

lection. editor.' It is a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich collection, though badly arranged , and contains 98 documents—Eastern and African canons and papal letters, but no Gallic councils; so that it is not a collection of local law . We might expect to find such a collection, in view of the numerous and important councils held in Gaul; but their decisions remained scattered among a great number of collections none of which had ever a wide circulation or an official character . It would be impossible to enumerate here all the Gallic councils which contributed towards the canon law of that country; we councils. will mention only the following: Arles (314), of great importance; a number of councils in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Arles, completed by the Statuta Ecclesiae antiqua of St Caesarius; 2 the councils of the province of See also:

• TOURS

Tours; the assemblies of the episcopate of the three kingdoms of the Visigoths at See also:

• AGDE

Agde (5o6), of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans (511), and of the Burgundians at Epaone (517); several councils of the kingdoms of the Franks, chiefly at Orleans; and finally, the synods of the middle of the 8th century, under the influence of St See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface . Evidently the impulse towards unity had to come from without; it began with the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the See also:

• CAROLINGIANS

Carolingians and the Papacy, and was accentuated by the recognition of the liber canonum .

In Spain the case, on the contrary, is that of a strong centralization round the see of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo . Thus we find Spanish canon law In Spain. embodied in a collection which, though perhaps not official, was circulated and received everywhere; this was the Spanish collection, the Hispana.3 The collection is well put together and includes almost all the important ' Published by Quesnel in his editio; of the See also:

• WORKS

works of St See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo, vol. ii . (Paris, 1675) ; reproduced by the '"others Ballerini, with learned See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations, Opera S . Leonis, vol. iii . , Migne, P.L . 56 . 2 Malnory, Saint Cesaire d'Arles (Paris, 1894) . Collectio canonum Ecclesiae Hispanae (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 18o8); reproduced in Migne, P.L . 84.canonical documents . In the first part are contained the councils, arranged according to the regions in which they were held: Greek councils, following a translation of Italian origin, but known by the name of Hispana; African councils, Gallican councils and Spanish councils . The latter, The Hispana which form the local See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, are further divided into several classes: firstly; the synods held under the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, the chief being that of See also:

• ELVIRA, SYNOD OF

Elvira 4 (c . 300); next the texts belonging to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Suevi, after the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of these barbarians by St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• BRAGA

Braga: these are, the two councils of Braga (563 and 572), and a sort of See also:

• FREE

free translation or See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the canons of the Greek councils, made by Martin of Braga; this is the document frequently quoted in later days under the name of Capitula See also:

• MARTINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1706–1784)
• MARTINI, SIMONE (1283-1344)

Martini papae; thirdly, the decisions of the councils of the Visigothic Church, after its con-version to Catholicism .

Nearly all these councils were held at Toledo, beginning with the great council of 589 . The series continued up to 694 and was only interrupted by the Mussulman invasion . Finally, the second part of the Hispana contains the papal decretals, as in the collection of Dionysius . From the middle of the 9th century this collection was' to become even more celebrated; for, as we know, it served as the basis for the famous collection of the False Decretals . The Churches of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland remained still longer outside the centralizing movement . Their contribution towards the later system of canon law consisted in Great two things: the Penitentials and the influence of the Britain Irish collection, the other sources of local law not and having been known to the predecessors of Gratian Ireland. nor to Gratian himself . The Penitentials 5 are collections intended for the guidance of confessors in estimating the penances to be imposed for various sins, according to the discipline in force in the Anglo- Peniten Saxon countries . They are all of Anglo-Saxon or tials . Irish origin, and although certain of them were com- piled on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, under the influence of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island missionaries, it seems quite certain that a Roman See also:

• PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

Penitential has never existed.6 They are, however, of difficult and uncertain ascription, since the collections have been largely amended and remodelled as practice required . Among the most important we may mention those bearing the names of Vinnianus (d . 589), See also:

• GILDAS, or GILDUS (c. 516–J70)

Gildas (d . 583), See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury (d .

69o), the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

Venerable See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede (d . 735) and Egbert of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York (732-767); the Penitentials which are ascribed to St Columbanus, the founder of Luxeuil and See also:

• BOBBIO

Bobbio (d . 615), and Cumean (Cumine Ailbha, See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of See also:

• IONA

Iona); in the Frankish kingdom the most interesting work is the Penitential of Halitgar, bishop of See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai 7 from 817 to 831 . As penances had for a long time been lightened, and the books used by confessors began to consist more and more of instructions in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the later moral See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology (and this is already the case of the books of Halitgar and Rhabanus Maurus), the canonical collections began to include a greater or smaller number of the penitential canons . The Irish collection,8 though it introduced no important documents into the law of the Western Church, at least set canonists the example of quoting passages from the Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers . This col- col collection . lection seems to date from the 8th century; besides the usual sources, the author has included several documents of local origin, beginning with the pretended See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick . 4 L . See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne, " Le Concile d'Elvire " in the Melanges Renier . 6 For the Penitentials, see Wasserschleben, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Bussordnungen der abendlandischen Kirche (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle,1851) ; Mgr.H.J.Schmitz, Die Bussbiicher and die Bussdisciplin der Kirche (2 vols., See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1883, 1898) . 6 This is proved, in spite of the contrary opinions of Wasserschleben and Schmitz, by M . See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• FOURNIER
• FOURNIER, PIERRE SIMON (1712-1768)

Fournier, " Etude sur See also:

• LES

les Penitentiels," in the Revue d'histoire et de litterature religieuses, vol. vi .

(1901), pp . 289-317, and vol. vii., 1902, pp . 59-70 and 121-127 . ' In Migne, P.L . 105, col . 651 . 6 Edited by Wasserschleben (See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, 1874) . See also P . Fournier, " De l'influence de la collection irlandaise sur la formation des collections canoniques," in Nouvelle Revue historigue de See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit fran-4ais et itranger, vol. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii, note I, In the very middle of the 9th century a much enlarged edition of the Hispana began to be circulated in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . To this rich collection the author, who assumes the name of Isidore, The false the saintly bishop of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, added a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good number decreta/s of apocryphal documents already existing, as well as a series of letters ascribed to the popes of the earliest centuries, from See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement to See also:

• SILVESTER

Silvester and See also:

• DAMASUS

Damasus inclusive, thus filling up the See also:

• GAP

gap before the decretal of Siricius, which is the first genuine one in the collection . The other papal letters only rarely show signs of alteration or falsification, and the text of the councils is entirely respected) . From the same source and at the same date came two other forged documents—firstly, a collection of Capitularies, in three books, ascribed to a certain See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict (See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus Levita),2 a deacon of the church of Mainz; this collection, in which See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic documents find very little place, stands with regard to civil legislation exactly in the position of the False Decretals with regard to canon law .

The other document, of more limited See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope, is a group of Capitula given under the name of Angilram, bishop of See also:

• METZ

Metz . It is now- adays admitted by all that these three collections come from the same source . For a study of the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical questions connected with the famous False Decretals, see the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article DECRETALS (FALSE); here we have only to consider them with reference to the place they occupy in the formation of ecclesiastical law . In spite of some hesitation, with regard rather to the official character than to the historical authenticity of the letters attri- buted to the popes of the earlier centuries, the False Decretals were accepted with confidence, together with the authentic texts which served as a See also:

• PASSPORT

passport for them . All later collections availed themselves indiscriminately of the contents of this vast collection, whether authentic or forged, without the least suspicion . The False Decretals did not greatly modify nor corrupt the Canon Law, but they contributed much to accelerate its progress towards unity . For they were the last of the chrono- logical collections, i.e. those which give the texts in the order in which they appeared . From this time on, canonists began Syste- to exercise their individual See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment in arranging matte their collections according to some systematic order, cotiec- grouping their materials under divisions more or less eons. happy, according to the object they had in view . This was the beginning of a codification of a common canon law, in which the sources drawn upon lose, as it were, their local character . This is made even more noticeable by the fact that, in a good number of the works extant, the author is not content merely to set forth and classify the texts; but he proceeds to discuss the point, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing conclusions and sometimes outlining some controversy on the subject, just as Gratian was to do more fully later on . During this period, which extended from the end of the 9th century to the middle of the 12th, we can enumerate about See also:

• FORTY

forty systematic collections, of varying value and circulation, which all played a greater or lesser part in preparing the juridical See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

renaissance of the 12th century, and most of which were utilized by Gratian . We need mention only the chief of them —the Collectio Anselmo dedicata, by an unknown author of the See also:

• REGINA

Regina end of the 9th century; the Libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis,3 compiled about 906 by Regino, abbot of Prum, and dedicated to Hatto of Mainz, relatively a very original See also:

• TREATISE

treatise; the enormous compilation Burchard. in twenty books of Burchard, bishop of See also:

• WORMS

Worms (1112- 1122), the Decretum or Collectarium,4 very widely spread and known under the name of Brocardum, of which the 19th book, dealing with the process of See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession, is specially noteworthy .

Towards the end of the nth century, under the 1 The collection of the False Decretals has been published with a long See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical introduction by P . See also:

• HINSCHIUS, PAUL (1835–1898)

Hinschius, Decretales Pseudo-Isidorianae et capitula Angilramni (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1863) . For the rest of the bibliography, see DECRETALS (FALSE) . 2 The latest edition is in See also:

• PERTZ, GEORG HEINRICH (1795-1876)

Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae, vol. ii. part ii . Edited by Wasserschleben (Leipzig, 184o) ; reproduced by Migne, P.L . 132 . ' Edited several times; in Migne, P.L . 140.influence of See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, the reforming movement makes itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in several collections of canons, intended to support the rights of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See and the Church against the pretensions of the emperor . To this group belong an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous collection, described by M . P . Fournier as the first See also:

• MANUAL

manual of the Reform; 5 the collection of See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm, bishop of See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca,6 in 13 books (io8o-ro86); that of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Deusdedit,7 in books dedicated to See also:

• POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor III. x086-108 Anselm 4 ~ p ( 7) ; Deusdedlt and lastly that of Bonizo,3 bishop of See also:

• SUTRI (anc. Sutrium)

Sutri, in ro books (x089) . In the 12th century, the canonical works of Ivo of Chartres9 are of great importance .

His Panormia, compiled about 1095 or x096, is a handy and well-arranged collection in 8 books; as to the Decretum, a weighty Ch of Ivo See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres . compilation in 19 books, there seems sufficient See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that it is a collection of material made by Ivo in view of his Panormia . To the 12th century belong the collection in the MS. of See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa (Caesaraugustana) to which See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was drawn by See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Agustin; that of Cardinal Gregory, called by him the Polycarpus, in 8 books (about 1115); and finally the Liber de misericordia et justitia of Algerus,10 scholasticus of See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege, in 3 books, compiled at latest in 1123 . But all these works were to be superseded by the Decretum of Gratian . 2 . The Decretum of Gratian and the Corpus Juris Canonici.—The work of Gratian, though prepared and made possible by those of his predecessors, greatly surpasses them in The scientific value and in magnitude . It is certainly Deeretum the work which had the greatest influence on the of See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan. formation of canon law; it soon became the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole manual, both for teaching and for practice, and even after the publication of the Decretals was the chief authority in the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . The work is not without its faults; Gratian is lacking in historical and critical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty; his theories are often hesitating; but on the whole, his treatise is as See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and as perfect as it could be; so much so that no other work of the same kind has been compiled; just as there has never been made another Book of the Sentences . These two works, which were almost contemporary (Gratian is only about two years earlier)," were destined to have the same fate; they were the manuals, one for theology, the other for canon law, in use in all the universities, taught, glossed and commented on by the most illustrious masters . From this period See also:

• DATES

dates the more marked and definitive separation between theology and ecclesiastical law . Of Gratian we know practically nothing . He was a Camaldulensian monk of the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus