See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)  , a large and populous commercial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CHINA

China, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Kwangtung, situated on the eastern See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

Pearl See also:

• RIVER

river, which at See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton is somewhat broader than the See also:

• THAMES

Thames at See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge, and is navigable 300 M. into the interior . The Pearl river has an additional course of 8o m. to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, the first See also:

• PART

part of which lies through a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . Beyond this rises a range of hills terminating in abrupt escarpments along the course of the river . The bold See also:

• SHORE

shore thus formed compresses the stream at this point into a narrow pass, to which the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese have given the name of Hu-See also:

• MUN, ADRIEN ALBERT MARIE DE, COUNT (1841— )
• MUN, THOMAS (1571–1641)

mun, or See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

Tiger's See also:

• GATE

Gate . This the Portuguese translated into Boca See also:

• TIGRE

Tigre, whence the designation of " the Hogue," by which it is, commonly known among Europeans . When viewed from 'the hills on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, Canton appears to be little more than an expanse of reddish See also:

• ROOFS

roofs relieved by a few large trees,—two pagodas See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting up within the walls, and a five-storeyed See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower near the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern gate, being the most conspicuous See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . These hills rise 1200 ft. above the river . Little or no vegetation is seen on them; and their acclivities, covered for See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles with See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves and tombs, serve as the See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis of this vast city . Three or four forts are built on the points nearest the northern walls . Facing the city on the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the river is the suburb and See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Honan . The part of Canton enclosed by walls is about 6 m. in circumference, and has a See also:

• PARTITION

partition See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and dividing the city into two unequal parts . The northern and larger See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is called the old, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern the new city .

Including the suburbs, the city has a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of nearly 10 m . The houses stretch along the river for 4 m., and the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are almost entirely concealed by boats and rafts . The wails of the city are of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, on a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, are 20 ft. thick, and rise to an See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of 25 ft . On the north side the wall rises to include a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill which it there meets with, and on the other three sides the city is surrounded by a ditch, which is filled by the rising See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide, when, for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the revolting See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of filth that lies in its See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed is concealed from view . There are twelve See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates—four of which are in the partition wall, and two See also:

• WATER

water gates, through which boats pass from east to west across the new city . The gates are all shut at See also:

• NIGHT

night, and in the daytime a guard is stationed at them to preserve See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . The streets, amounting in all to upwards of 600, are See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, straight, and very narrow . They are mostly paved and are not as dirty as those of some of the other cities in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; in fact, considering the habits of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and the inattention of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to these matters, Canton may be said to be a well-governed and comparatively cleanly city . The houses are in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general small, seldom consisting of more than two storeys, the ground See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor serving as a See also:

• SHOP

shop, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court behind, being used as a warehouse . Here are to be found the productions of every See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the globe; and the merchants are iii general attentive, See also:

• CIVIL

civil, See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert men of business, and generally assiduous . The temples and public buildings of Canton are numerous, but none of them presents features worthy of See also:

• SPECIAL

special remark . There are two pagodas near the west gate of the old city, and 124 temples, pavilions, halls and other religious edifices within the city .

One of the pagodas called the Kwangtah, or Plain See also:

• PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine, holy)

Pagoda, is a See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, which was erected by the Arabian voyagers who were in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of visiting Canton about ten centuries ago . It rises in an angular tapering tower to the height of 16o ft . The other is an octagonal pagoda of nine storeys, 170 ft. in height, and was first erected more than thirteen centuries ago . A Buddhist See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at Honan, opposite the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign factories, and named in Chinese See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

Hai-ch'wang-sze, or the Temple of the Ocean Banner, is one of the largest in Canton . Its grounds, which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover about seven acres, are surrounded by a wall, and are divided into courts, gardens and a See also:

• BURIAL

burial-ground, where are deposited the ashes of priests, whose bodies are burned . There are about 175 priests connected with this See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment . Besides the Hai-ch'wang-sze the most noteworthy temples in and about the city are those of the Five See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Gods and of See also:

• LONGEVITY

Longevity, both in the western suburbs; the Tatar City Temple and the Temple of the Five Genii . The number of priests and nuns in Canton is not exactly known, but they probably exceed 2000, nine-tenths of whom are Buddhists . The temples are gloomy-looking edifices . The areas in front of them are usually occupied by hucksters, beggars and idlers, who are occasionally driven off to make See also:

• ROOM

room for the See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat-sheds in which the theatrical performances got up by the wealthy inhabitants are acted . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, where the idol sits enshrined, is lighted only in front, and the inner apartments are inhabited by a class of men almost as senseless as the idols they serve . The residences of the high See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of government are all within the walls of the old city .

The See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general used to be in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west corner of the new city, but it was utterly destroyed by the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment in 1856 . The site remained desolate until 186o, when it was taken See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French authorities, who erected a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral upon it . The residence of the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief is in the old city, and is said to be one of the best houses in Canton . There are four prisons in the city, all large edifices . For the space of 4 or 5 M. opposite Canton boats and vessels are ranged parallel to each other in such See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close order as to resemble a floating city; and these marine dwellings are occupied by numerous families, who reside almost constantly on the water . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the river See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the Chinese junks, some of them of from 600 to l000 tons See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, which See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade to the north and to the Strait Settlements, The various See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds and associations among the people and the merchants from other provinces have public halls each for its own particular use . The number of these buildings is not less than 150 . Canton was long the only seat of See also:

• BRITISH

British trade with China, and was no doubt fixed upon by the Chinese government for the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European trade, as being the most distant from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking . Formerly only a limited number of merchants, called the hang or See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security merchants, were allowed to trade with foreigners . They were commonly men of large See also:

• PROPERTY

property and were famed for integrity in their transactions . All foreign cargoes passed through the hands of these merchants, and by them also the return cargoes were furnished . They became security for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of customs duties, and it was criminal for any other See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant to engage in the trade with foreigners .

Although it is in the same parallel of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude as See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta, the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Canton is much cooler, and is considered See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to that of most places situated between the tropics . The extreme range of the thermometer is from 38° to too° F., though these extremes are rarely reached . In See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary years the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter minimum is about 42° and the maximum in summer 96° . The hot See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season is considered to last from May to See also:

• OCTOBER

October;during the rest of the See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is cool . In shallow vessels See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice sometimes forms at Canton; but so rarely is See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow seen that when in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1835 a fall to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 2 in. occurred, the citizens hardly knew its proper name . Most of the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain falls during May and See also:

• JUNE

June, but the amount is nothing in comparison with that which falls during a See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season in Calcutta . See also:

• JULY

July, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September are the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon months, the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind coming from the south-west with frequent showers, which allay the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . In the succeeding months the northerly winds begin, with some interruptions at first, but from October to See also:

• JANUARY

January the temperature is agreeable, the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky clear and the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air invigorating . Few large cities are more generally healthy than Canton, and epidemics rarely prevail there . Provisions and refreshments of all sorts are abundant, and in general are excellent in quality and moderate in See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price . It is a singular fact that the Chinese make no use of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, either in its natural See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter or See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese . Among the delicacies of a Chinese See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market are to be seen See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-flesh, See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks, owls and edible birds'-nests .

The business between foreigners and natives at Canton is generally transacted in a See also:

• JARGON

jargon known as " See also:

• PIDGIN

pidgin See also:

• ENGLISH

English," the Chinese being extremely ready in acquiring a sufficient smattering of English words to render themselves intelligible . The intercourse between China and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by the way of the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope began in 1517, when Emanuel, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, sent an See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, accompanied by a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of eight See also:

• SHIPS

ships, to Peking, on which occasion the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor to establish a trade at Canton was obtained . It was in 1596, in the reign of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, that the English first attempted to open an intercourse with China, but ineffectually, for the two ships which were despatched on this See also:

• MISSION

mission were lost on the outward voyage, and it was not till about 1634 that English ships visited Canton . Unfortunately at this time a misunderstanding having occurred with the Chinese authorities owing to the treachery of the Portuguese, a rupture and a See also:

• BATTLE

battle took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and it was with difficulty that See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was again restored . In 1673 China was again visited by an English See also:

• SHIP

ship which was subsequently refused See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and in 1677 a factory was established at See also:

• AMOY

Amoy . But during an irruption of the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars three years later this See also:

• BUILDING

building was destroyed, and it was not till 1685 that the emperor permitted any trade with Europeans at that See also:

• PORT

port . Upon the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the two East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India Companies in London, an imperial See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict was issued, restricting the foreign See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce to the port of Canton . See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

Tea was first imported into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England about the year 1667, and in 1689 a customs See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of 5s. per lb was for the first time imposed . From this date to 1834 the East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company held a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the trade at Canton, and during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the prosperity of the port increased and multiplied, notwithstanding the obstructions which were constantly thrown in the way of the " barbarians " by the Chinese government . The termination of the Company's monopoly brought no alteration in the conduct of the native authorities, whose oppressions became before long so unbearable that in 1839 See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was declared on the part of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . In 1841, while the forces under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord) See also:

• GOUGH, HUGH GOUGH, VISCOUNT (1779-1869)
• GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW (1817-1886)
• GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809)

Gough were preparing to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture Canton, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• ELLIOTT, EBENEZER (1781–1849)

Elliott entered into negotiations with the Chinese, and consented to receive a pecuniary See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom in lieu of occupying the city . Mean-while the war was carried on in central China, and finally resulted in the conclusion of the See also:

• NANKING (" the southern capital ")

Nanking treaty in August 1842, under the terms of which four additional ports, viz .

See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai, Ningpo, Fu-chow and Amoy, were thrown open to foreign trade, and foreigners were granted permission to enter the city of Canton, from which they had hitherto been excluded . This latter See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of the treaty, however, the Chinese refused to carry out; and after endless disputes about this and other improper acts of the Chinese government, war was again declared in 1856, the immediate cause of which was an insult offered to the British See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag by the capture of certain Chinese on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the " Arrow," a small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft trading under English See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . The outbreak of hostilities was followed by the pillage and destruction of the foreign "factories" in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1856 by a Chinese See also:

• MOB

mob, and twelve months later Canton was taken by See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault by a force under Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Straubenzee, which had been sent out from England for the purpose . From this time until October 1861 the city was occupied by an English and French See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, and the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of affairs was entrusted to an allied See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, consisting of two English officers and one French officer, acting under the English general . Since the withdrawal of this garrison, the city of Canton has been freely open to foreigners of all nationalities, and the English See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul has his residence in the Yamun formerly occupied by the allied commissioners, within the city walls . On the conclusion of peace it became necessary to provide a foreign See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement for the merchants whose " factories " had been destroyed, and after some consultation it was determined to fill in and appropriate as the British settlement an extensive mud See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat lying to the westward of the old factory site, and known as Sha-mien or " The See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand Flats." This site having been leased, it was converted into an artificial island by building a massive See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment of granite in an irregular See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval form . Between the northern See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the site and the Chinese suburb a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of too ft. in width was constructed, thus forming an island of about 2850 ft. in length and 950 ft. in greatest breadth . The expense of making this settlement was 325,000 Mexican dollars, four-fifths of which were defrayed by the British government and one-fifth by the French government . The British portion of the new settlement was laid out in eighty»two lots; and so See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright appeared the prospect of trade at the time of their See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale that 9000 dollars and upwards was paid in more than one instance for a See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with a river frontage, measuring 12,645 sq. ft . The depression in trade, however, which soon followed acted as a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar to building, and it was not until the British consulate was erected in 1865 that the merchants began to occupy the settlement in any See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . The British consulate occupies six lots, with an See also:

• AREA

area of 75,870 sq. ft. in the centre of the site, overlooking the river, and is enclosed with a substantial wall . A ground-See also:

• RENT

rent of 15,000 See also:

• CASH

cash (about £3) per See also:

• MOW

mow (a third of an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre) is annually paid by the owners of lots to the Chinese government .

The Sha-mien settlement possesses many advantages . It is close to the western suburb of Canton, where reside all the wholesale dealers as well as the principal merchants and brokers; it faces the broad channel known as the See also:

• MACAO (A-Ma-ngao, " Harbour of the goddess A-Ma "; Port. Macau)

Macao Passage, up which the cool breezes in summer are wafted almost uninterruptedly, and the river opposite to it affords a safe and commodious anchorage for steamers up to l000 tons burden . Steamers only are allowed to come up to Canton, sailing vessels being restricted to the anchorage at Whampoa . There is daily communication by steamer with Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong, and with the Portuguese See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Macao which lies near the mouth of the river . Inland communication by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam is now open by the west river route to the cities of See also:

• WUCHOW

Wuchow and Nanking . The opening of these inland towns to foreign trade, which has been effected, cannot but add considerably to the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Canton See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . The native See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is variously estimated at from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000, the former being probably nearer the truth . The foreign residents number about 400 . Canton is the headquarters of the provincial government of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, generally termed the two Kwang, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of which is a governor-general or See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which next to that of Nanking is the most important in the empire . It possesses a See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint built in 1889 by the then viceroy Chang Chih-tung, and equipped with a very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete plant supplied from England . It turns out See also:

• SILVER

silver subsidiary coinage and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper cash . See also:

• CON

Con-tracts have been entered into to connect Canton by railway with Hong-Kong (Kowlun), and by a See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk See also:

• LINE

line with See also:

• HANKOW (" Mouth of the Han ")

Hankow on the Yangtsze .

It is connected by See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph with all parts . The value of the trade of Canton for the year 1904 was £23,749,582, £7,555,090 of which represented imports and £6,194,490 exports . (R . K .