CANVAS  , a stout See also:

• CLOTH

cloth which probably derives its name from cannabis, the Latin word for See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp . This would appear to indicate that canvas was originally made from yarns of the hemp fibre, and there is some ground for the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption . This fibre and that of See also:

• FLAX

flax have certainly been used for ages for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of cloth for furnishing sails, and for certain classes of cloth used for this purpose the terms " See also:

• SAILCLOTH

sailcloth " and " canvas " are synonymous . See also:

• WARDEN

Warden, in his See also:

• LINEN

Linen See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade, states that the manufacture of sailcloth was established in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1590, as appears by the See also:

• PREAMBLE (Med. Lat. praeambulum, from praeambulare, to walk before)

preamble of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., cap . 23:—" Whereas the cloths called Mildernix and Powel See also:

• DAVIES (DAvIslus), JOHN (1679-1732)
• DAVIES, DAVID CHARLES (1826-1891)
• DAVIES, RICHARD (c. 1505—1581)
• DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626)
• DAVIES, SIR LOUIS HENRY (1845— )

Davies, whereof sails and other See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture for the See also:

• NAVY

navy and See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping are made, were heretofore altogether brought out of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and other parts beyond See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and the skill and See also:

• ART

art of making and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving of the said sailcloths never known or used in England until about the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-second See also:

• YEAR

year of the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, about what See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and not before the perfect art or skill of making or weaving of the said cloths was attained to, and since practised and continued in this See also:

• REALM

realm, to the See also:

• GREAT

great benefit and commodity thereof." But this, or a similar cloth of the same name had been used for centuries before this time by the Egyptians and Phoenicians . Since the introduction of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power See also:

• LOOM

loom the cloth has undergone several modifications, and it is now made both from flax, hemp, See also:

• TOW

tow, jute and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, or a mixture of these, but the quality of sailcloth for the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government is kept up to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . All flax canvas is essentially of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double warp, for it is invariably intended to withstand some pressure or rough usage . In structure it is similar to jute See also:

• TARPAULIN, or TARPAULING (as if tarpalling, from tar, and palling, a covering, Lat. palla, a mantle)

tarpaulin; indeed, if it were not for the difference in the fibre, it would be difficult to say where one type stopped and the other began . " See also:

• BAGGING

Bagging," " tarpaulin " and " canvas " See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an ascending See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of cloths so far as fineness is concerned, although the finest tarpaulins are finer than some of the See also:

• LOWER

lower canvases . The cloth may be natural See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, bleached or dyed, a very See also:

• COMMON

common colour being tan . It has an enormous number of different uses other than See also:

• NAVAL

naval . Amongst other articles made from it are: receptacles for photographic and other apparatus; bags for fishing, See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting, See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf and other sporting implements; shoes for See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

cricket and other See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and for See also:

• YACHTING

yachting; travelling cases and hold-alls, See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-bags, school-bags and See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose-bags for horses .

Large quantities of the various makes of flax and cotton canvases are tarred, and then used for covering goods on See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, wharves, docks, etc . See also:

• SAIL

Sail canvas is, naturally, of a strong build, and is quite different-See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

CANYON 223 from the canvas cloth used for See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery purposes, often called " art canvas." The latter is similar in structure to See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese cloths and strainers, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief difference being that the yarns for art canvas are, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, of a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior nature . All kinds of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres are used in their production, chief among which are cotton, flax and jute . The yarns are almost invariably two or more ply, an arrangement which tends to obtain a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform thickness—a very desirable See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in these open-built fabrics . The See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain weave A in the figure is extensively used for these fabrics, but in many cases See also:

• SPECIAL

special weaves are used which leave the open spaces well defined . Thus weave B is often employed, while the " See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation See also:

• GAUZE

gauze " weaves, C and D, are also largely utilized in the production of these embroidery cloths . Weave B is known as the hopsack, and probably owes its name to being originally used for the making of bags for hops . The cloth for this purpose is now called " See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop pocketing," and is of a structure between bagging and tarpaulin . Another class of canvas, single warp termed" artists' canvas," is used, as its name implies, for paintings in See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils . It is also much lighter than sail canvas, but must, of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, be made of level yarns . The best qualities are made of cream or bleached flax See also:

• LINE

line, although it is not unusual to find an admixture of tow, and even of cotton in the commoner kinds . When the cloth comes from the loom, it undergoes a special treatment to prepare the See also:

• SURFACE

surface for the paint .