CAPE VERDE ISLANDS (Ilhas do Cabo Verde)  , an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago belonging to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal; off the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, between 17° 13' and 14° 47' N. and 22° 40' and 25° 22' W . Pop . (1905) about 138,620; See also:

• AREA

area, 1475 sq. m . The archipelago consists of ten islands:—Santo Antao (commonly miswritten St See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio), Sao See also:

• VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente, See also:

• SANTA

Santa Luzia, Sao Nicolao, Sal, See also:

• BOA

Boa Vista, Maio, Sao Thiago (the St See also:

• JAGO, RICHARD (1715-1781)

Jago of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English), Fogo, and Brava, besides four uninhabited islets . It forms a sort of broken See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, with the concavity towards the west . The last four islands constitute oe C y ontP.iaO~anac CAPE VERDE Is . ~.°S°' r"r fa~PtAntic) E Santo See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant& o $ ro zo 1' 2p See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles aa 50 60 iorrafat ontiVerd. pa. a See also:

• ANN

ann Pt . Ba . Santa Luzia a Manae/ Lope[ Pt . Sal aped°&Sao ~Pt.Ceoam ~tt.er' t°°7~ Nicolao See also:

• MORO, ANTONIO (c. 1512-1575)

Moro/eh-a Vic me See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea"' 0" Sao P°•or- d6Sa Raze (as „ pPO C , s a tP e . C r 0 p a, w a r d '° . See also:

• PORTO

Porto Sal• •' See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Pl .

er sae . e 6 Boa Vista v ; Q Chobole altap r$° 4 OVerde aaG r o u p Q• Cape See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island s c. vend . English Miles w ? IV zpa C a r B° aio e qJ Ta d 90 . °re, rafal Ph as Ca See also:

• AAA

aaa 3- . 9' "° ~ Qe Sao Q. a Pt . as ,0?'- Thiago u to roo do A IlheusSeccosN S at k"`,~ `'~o 44,4 a do See also:

• CANO, ALONZO (1601–1667)
• CANO, MELCHIOR (1525-1560)

Cano ,YI.po ;Pralq 6 Bravach,.11a ` Fogo teaa"° a See also:

• MOTALA

Motala Pta.Carteira (;td aaP See also:

• GYP

gyp; . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long . W. sp°of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green jc 213° the leeward (Sotavento) See also:

• GROUP

group and the other six the windward (Barlavento) . The distance between the coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and the nearest island (Boa Vista) is about 300 m . The islands derive their name, frequently but erroneously written " Cape Verd,” or " Cape de Verd " Islands, from the African promontory off which they See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie, known as Cape Verde, or the Green Cape . The entire archipelago is of volcanic origin, and on the island of Fogo there is an active See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano .

No serious eruption has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place since 1680, and the craters from which the streams of See also:

• BASALT

basalt issued have lost their outline . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of the islands is generally hazy, especially in the direction of Africa . With occasional exceptions during summer and autumn, the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is the prevailing See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, blowing most strongly from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to May . The See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season is during See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and See also:

• OCTOBER

October, when there is See also:

• THUNDER

thunder and a See also:

• LIGHT

light variable wind from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east or south-west . The See also:

• HARMATTAN

Harmattan, a very dry east wind from the African See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, occasionally makes itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of summer is high, the thermometer ranging from 8o° to go° Fahr. near the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The unhealthy season is the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period during and following the rains, when vegetation springs up with surprising rapidity, and there is much stagnant See also:

• WATER

water, poisoning the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air on the See also:

• LOWER

lower grounds . Remittent fevers are then See also:

• COMMON

common . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people of all the islands are also subject in May to an endemic of a bilious nature called locally levadias, but the cases rarely assume a dangerous See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and recovery is usually attained in three or four days without medical aid . On some of the islands See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain has occasionally not fallen for three years . The immediate consequence is a failure of the crops, and this is followed by the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers from See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, or the epidemics which usually break out afterwards . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Owing largely to the widespread destruction of See also:

• TIMBER

timber for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, and to the frequency of drought, the flora of the islands is poor when compared with that of the Canaries,. the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores or See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira .

It is markedly tropical in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; and although some seventy See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild-See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, ferns, &c., are See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the archipelago, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of See also:

• PLANTS

plants are those found on the neighbouring African littoral . Systematic afforestation has not been attempted, but the Portuguese have introduced a few trees, such as the See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab, See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

eucalyptus and See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, besides many plants of economic value . See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

Coffee-growing, an See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry dating from 1790, is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief resource of the people of Santo Antao, Fogo and Sao Thiago; See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, manioc, excellent oranges, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, and, to a less extent, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton are produced . On most of the islands coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut and date palms, tamarinds and bananas may be seen; orchil is gathered; and See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• CASTOR

castor-oil. are produced . Of considerable importance is the physic-nut (Jatropha curcas), which is exported . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Quails are found in all the islands; rabbits in Boa Vista, Sao Thiago and Fogo; wild boars in Sao Thiago . Both See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey rats are common . Goats, horses and asses are reared, and goatskins are exported . The neighbouring sea abounds with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are carried on by a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Neapolitans in Sao Thiago . Turtles come from the African coast to See also:

• LAY

lay their eggs on the sandy shores . The Ilheu See also:

• BRANCO, or PARIMA

Branco, or See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Islet, between Sao Nicolao and Santa Luzia, is remarkable as containing a variety of See also:

• PUFFIN

puffin unknown elsewhere, and a See also:

• SPECIES

species of large See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard (Macroscinctus coctei) which feeds on plants . Inhabitants.—The first settlers on the islands imported See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro slaves from the African coast .

See also:

• SLAVERY

Slavery continued in full force until 1854, when the Portuguese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government freed the public slaves, and ameliorated the conditions of private ownership . In 18J7 arrangements were made for the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual abolition of slavery, and by 1876 the last slave had been liberated . The transportation of convicts from Portugal, a much-dreaded See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment, was continued until the closing years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It was the coexistence of these two forms of See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude, even more than the climate, which prevented any large influx of Portuguese colonists . Hence the blacks and mulattoes far outnumber the white inhabitants . They are, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, taller than the Portuguese, and are of See also:

• FINE

fine physique, with See also:

• REGULAR

regular features but woolly See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . Slavery and the enervating climate have See also:

• LEFT

left their See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on the habits of the people, whose indolence and See also:

• FATALISM (Lat. fatum, that which is spoken, decreed)

fatalism are perhaps their most obvious qualities . Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is a See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard Portuguese, known as the lingua creoula . Their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion is See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholicism, combined with a number of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan beliefs and See also:

• RITES

rites, which are fostered by the curandeiros or See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine men . These superstitions tend to disappear gradually before the advance of See also:

• EDUCATION

education, which has progressed considerably since r867, when the first school, a See also:

• LYCEUM

lyceum, was opened in See also:

• RIBEIRA

Ribeira Brava, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Sao Nicolao . On all the inhabited islands, except Santa Luzia, there are churches and See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, conducted by the government or the priests . The See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of the wealthier classes are sent to See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon for their education .

Government.—The archipelago forms one of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign provinces of Portugal, and is under the command of a governorin-chief appointed by the See also:

• CROWN

crown . There are two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, one for the windward and another for the leeward group, the former with his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Sao Nicolao, and the latter at Praia; and each island has a military commandant, a few soldiers, and a number of salaried officials, such as See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, magistrates and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors . There is also an ecclesiastical See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, with a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean and canons . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The principal industries, apart from See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, are the manufacture of sugar, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, cottons and See also:

• STRAW

straw hats and fish-curing . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average yearly value of the exports is about £6o,000; that of the imports (including £200,000 for See also:

• COAL

coal), about £350,000 . The most important of the exports are coffee, physic-nuts, millet, sugar, spirits, salt, live animals, skins and fish . This trade is principally carried on with Lisbon and the Portuguese possessions on the west coast of Africa, and with passing vessels . The imports consist principally of coal, textiles, See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-stuffs, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, metals, tobacco, machinery, ' pottery and vegetables . Over 3000 vessels, with a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage exceeding 3,500,000, annually enter the ports of the archipelago; the majority See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call at Mindello, on Sao Vicente, for coal, and do not receive or See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge any large quantities of See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo . Santo Antao (pop . 25,000), at the extreme north-west of the archipelago, has an area of 265 sq. m . Its See also:

• SURFACE

surface is very rugged and mountainous, abounding in volcanic craters, of which the chief is the Topoda Coroa (730o ft.) , also known as the Sugar-See also:

• LOAF

loaf .

See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral springs exist in many places . The island is the most picturesque, the healthiest, and, on its north-western slope, the best watered and most fertile of the archipelago . The south-eastern slope, shut out by lofty mountains from the fertilizing moisture of the trade-winds, has an entirely different See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, black rocks, white See also:

• PUMICE (Lat. purnex, spumex, spuma, froth)

pumice and red See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay being its most characteristic features . Santo Antao produces large quantities of excellent coffee, besides sugar and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . It has several small ports, of which the chief are the sheltered and spacious Tarrafal See also:

• BAY

Bay, on the south-west coast, and the more frequented Ponta do Sol, on the north-east, 8 m. from the capital, Ribeira Grande, a See also:

• TOWN

town of 4500 inhabitants . See also:

• CINCHONA

Cinchona is cultivated in the neighbourhood . In 1780 the slaves on Santo Antao were declared See also:

• FREE

free, but this See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree was not carried out . About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time many white settlers, chiefly from the Canaries, entered the island, and introduced the cultivation of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat . Sao Vicente, or St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent (8000), lies near Santo Antao, on the south-east, and has an area of 75 sq. m . Its highest point is See also:

• MONTE

Monte Verde (2400 ft.) . The whole island is as arid and sterile as the south-eastern See also:

• HALF

half of Santo Antao, and for the same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . It was practically uninhabited until 1795; in 1829 its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population numbered about See also:

• IOO

Ioo .

Its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, an See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• CRATER

crater on the north coast, with an entrance eroded by the sea, affords See also:

• COMPLETE

complete shelter from every wind . An English speculator founded a coaling station here in 1851, and the town of Mindello, also known as Porto Grande or St Vincent, See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up rapidly, and became the commercial centre of the archipelago . Most of the business is in English hands, and nine-tenths of the inhabitants understand English . Foodstuffs, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and water are imported from Santo Antao, and the water is stored in a large See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir at Mindello . Sao Vicente has a station for the submarine See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable from Lisbon to See also:

• PERNAMBUCO

Pernambuco in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . Santa Luzia, about 5 m. south-east, has an area of 18 sq. m., and forms a single See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, occupied only by the servants or the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the proprietor . Its highest point is 885 ft. above sea-level . On the south-west it has a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbour, visited by whaling and fishing boats . Much orchil was formerly gathered, and there is good pasturage for the numerous herds of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . A little to the south are the uninhabited islets of Branco and Razo . Sao Nicolao, or Nicolau (12,000), a long, narrow, crescent-shaped island with an area of 126 sq. m., lies farther east, near the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the archipelago . Its climate is not very healthy .

Maize, See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney-beans, manioc, sugar-cane and vines are cultivated; and in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary years See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is exported to the other islands . The interior is mountainous, and culminates in two peaks which can be seen for many leagues; one has the shape of a sugar-loaf, and is near the middle of the island; the other, Monte Gordo, is near the west end, and has a height of 428o ft . All the other islands of the group can be seen from Sao Nicolao in clear See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . Vessels frequently enter Pre-See also:

• PICA

pica, or See also:

• FRESHWATER

Freshwater Bay, near the south-east extremity of the island, for water and fresh provisions; and the custom-house is here . The island was one of the first colonized; in 1774 its inhabitants numbered 13,500, but See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine subsequently caused a great decrease . The first capital, Lapa, at the end of a promontory on the south, was abandoned during the period of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish ascendancy over Portugal (1580–1640) in favour of Ribeira Brava (4000), on the north coast, a town which now has a considerable trade . Sal (750), in the north-east of the archipelago, has an area of 75 sq. m . It was originally named See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane or Lhana (" See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain "), from the flatness of the greater See also:

• PART

part of its surface . It derives its See also:

• MODERN

modern name from a natural salt-See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, but most of the salt produced here is now obtained from artificial salt-pans . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 17th century it was inhabited only by a few shepherds, and by slaves employed in the salt-See also:

• WORKS

works . In 1705 it was entirely abandoned, owing to drought and consequent famine; and only in 18o8 was the manufacture of salt resumed . A railway, the first built in Portuguese territory, was opened in 1835 .

The hostile Brazilian tariffs of 1889 for a time nearly destroyed the salt trade . Whales, turtles and fish are abundant, and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming is a prosperous industry . There are many small harbours, which render every part of the island easily accessible . Boa Vista (2600), the most easterly island of the archipelago, has an area of 235 sq. m . It was named Sao Christovao by its discoverers in the 15th century . Its modern name, meaning " See also:

• FAIR

fair view," is singularly inappropriate, for with the exception of a few coco-nut trees there is no wood, and in the dry season the island seems nothing but an arid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste . The little vegetation that then exists is in the bottom of ravines, where See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, beans and cotton are cultivated . The springs of good water are few . The coast is indented by numerous shallow bays, the largest of which is the harbour of the capital, Porto Sal-Rei, on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side (pop. about moo) . A See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of heights, flanked by inferior ranges, traverses the middle of Boa Vista, culminating in Monte Gallego (1250 it.), towards the east . In the north-western See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the island there is a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of loose See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, which is inundated with water during the rainy season; and here are some extensive salt-pans, where the sea-water is evaporated by the heat of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . Salt and orchil are exported .

A good See also:

• DEAL

deal of fish is taken on the coast and supplies the impoverished islanders with much of their food . Maio (woo) has an area of 70 sq. m., and resembles Sal and Boa Vista in climate and configuration, although it belongs to the Sotavento group . Its best harbour is that of Nossa Senhora da Luz, on the south-west coast, and is commonly known as Porto Inglez or English Road, from the fact that it was occupied until the end of the 18th century by the See also:

• BRITISH

British, who based their claim on the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage-treaty between See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. and See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine of See also:

• BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza (1662) . The island is a barren, treeless waste, surrounded by rocks . Its inhabitants, who live chiefly by the manufacture of salt, by cattle-farming and by fishing, are compelled to import most of their provisions from Sao Thiago, with which, for purposes of See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, Maio is included . Sdo Thiago (63,000) is the most populous and the largest of the Cape Verde Islands, having an area of 350 sq. m . It is also one of the most unhealthy, except among the mountains over 2000 ft. high . The interior is a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of volcanic heights, formed of basalt covered with See also:

• CHALK

chalk and clay, and culminating in the central See also:

• PICO

Pico da Antonia (4500 ft.), a sharply pointed See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone . There are numerous ravines, See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-rowed by perennial streams, and in these ravines are grown large quantities of coffee, oranges, sugar-cane and physic-nuts, besides a variety of tropical fruits and cereals . Spirits are distilled from sugar-cane, and coarse sugar is manufactured . The first capital of the islands was Ribeira Grande, to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day called Cidade Velha or the Old See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, a picturesque town with a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and ruined fort . It was built in the 15th century on the south coast, was made an episcopal see in 1532, and became capital of the archipelago in 1592 .

In 1712 it was sacked by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French force, but despite its poverty and unhealthy situation it continued to be the capital until 1770, when its place was taken by Praia on the south-east . Praia (often written Praya) has a fine harbour, a population of 21,000 and a considerable trade . It contains the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, a small natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum, a meteorological See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory and an important station for the cables between South See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• EUROPE

Europe anii West Africa . It occupies a basalt See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, overlooking the bay (Porto da Praia), and has an attractive appearance, with its numerous coconut trees and the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Antonia rising in the background above successive steps of tableland . Its unhealthiness has been mitigated by the partial drainage of a See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh lying to the east . Fogo (17,600) is a mass of volcanic See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, almost circular in shape and measuring about 190 sq. m . In the centre a still active volcano, the Pico do Cano, rises to a height of about 10,000 ft . Its crater, which stands within an older crater, See also:

• MEASURES

measures 3 m. in circumference and is visible at sea for nearly 100 m . It emits See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke and ashes at intervals; and in 168o, 1785, 1799, 1816, 1846, 1852 and 1857 it was in eruption . After the first and most serious of these outbreaks, the island, which had previously been called Sao Felippe, was renamed Fogo, i.e . " See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire." The ascent of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain was first made in 1819 by two British See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, named Vidal and Mudge . The island is divided, like Santo Antao, into a fertile and a sterile See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone .

Its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern half produces fine coffee, beans, maize and sugar-cane; the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern half is little better than a See also:

• DESERT

desert, with oases of cultivated See also:

• LAND

land 'near its few springs . Sao Felippe or Nossa Senhora da Luz (3000), on the west coast, is the capital . The islanders claim to be the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of the archipelago, and trace their descent from the priginal Portuguese settlers . The majority, however, are negroes ormulattoes . Drought and famine, followed by severe epidemics, have been especially frequent here, notably in the years 1887-1889 . Brava (9013), the most southerly of the islands, has an area of 23 sq . M . Though mountainous, and in some parts sterile, it is very closely cultivated, and, unlike the other islands, is divided into a multitude of small holdings . The See also:

• DESIRE

desire to own land is almost universal, and as the population numbers upwards of 38o per sq. m., and the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure gives rise to many disputes, the peasantry are almost incessantly engaged in litigation . The See also:

• WOMEN

women, who are locally celebrated for their beauty, far outnumber the men, who emigrate at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to America . These emigrants usually return richer and better educated than the peasantry of the neighbouring islands . To the north of Brava lie a group of reefs among which two islets (Ilheus Seccos or Ilheus do Rombo) are conspicuous .

These are usually known as the Ilheu de Dentro (Inner Islet) and the Ilheu de Fora (See also:

• OUTER

Outer Islet) . The first is used as a shelter for whaling and fishing vessels, and as pasturage for cattle; the second has supplied much See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano for export . History.—The earliest known See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the islands was made in 1456 by the Venetian See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain Alvise See also:

• CADAMOSTO (or CA DA MosTO), ALVISE (1432-1477)

Cadamosto (q.v.), who had entered the service of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Navigator . The archipelago was granted by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso V. of Portugal to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Prince See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand, whose agents completed the See also:

• WORK

work of discovery . Ferdinand was an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute monarch, exercising a commercial See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly . In 1461 he sent an expedition to recruit slaves on the coast of See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea and thus to people the islands, which were almost certainly uninhabited at the time . On his death in 1470 his privileges reverted to the crown, and were bestowed by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II. on Prince Emanuel, by whose See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne in 1495 the archipelago finally became part of the royal dominions . Its population and importance rapidly increased; its first bishop was consecrated in 1532, its first governor-general appointed about the end of the century . It was enriched by the frequent visits of Portuguese fleets, on their return to Europe laden with treasure from the East, and by the presence of immigrants from Madeira, who introduced better agricultural methods and several new industries, such as See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of spirits . The failure to maintain an equal See also:

• RATE

rate of progress in the 18th and 19th centuries was due partly to drought, famine and disease—in particular, to the famines of 1730-1733 and 1831-1833—and partly to See also:

• GROSS

gross misgovernment by the Portuguese officials . The best general See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the islands is given in vols. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii. and See also:

• XXVII

xxvii. of the Boletim of the Lisbon See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society (1905 and 1908), and in Madeira, Cabo Verde, e Guine, by J . A .

Martins (Lisbon, 1891) . See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

Official See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics are published in Lisbon at irregular intervals . See also Ober See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Capverden (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1884) and Die Vulcane der Capverden (See also:

• GRAZ [GRATZ]

Graz, 1882), both by C . Dotter . A useful See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, entitled Ocean Atlantico Norte, Archipelago do Cabo Verde, was issued in 1900 by the Commissdo de Cartographia, Lisbon .