See also:

• CAPITULATIONS (from Lat. ca put, or its Low-Latin diminutive capitulum, as indicating the form in which these acts were set down in chapters "; the Gr. equivalent cephaleosis, KediaXalwocc, is occasionally used in works of the 17th century)

CAPITULATIONS (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. ca put, or its See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low-Latin diminutive capitulum, as indicating the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which these acts were set down in chapters "; the Gr. See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent cephaleosis, KediaXalwocc, is occasionally used in See also:

• WORKS

works of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century)  , See also:

• TREATIES

treaties granted by a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and conferring the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of extra-territorial See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction within its boundaries on the subjects of another state . Thus, in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph See also:

• HARUN

Harun-al-Rashid engaged to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant guarantees and commercial facilities to such See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, subjects of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, as should visit the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East with the authorization of their emperor . After the break-up of the See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, similar concessions were made to some of the practically See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city states that See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up on its ruins . Thus, in 1og8, the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch granted a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of this nature to the city of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa; the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem extended the same privilege to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1123 and to See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles in 1136 . Salah-ud-din (See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin), See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon (See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo), granted a charter to the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa in 1173 . The See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine emperors followed this example, and Genoa, Pisa and Venice all obtained See also:

• CAPITULATIONS (from Lat. ca put, or its Low-Latin diminutive capitulum, as indicating the form in which these acts were set down in chapters "; the Gr. equivalent cephaleosis, KediaXalwocc, is occasionally used in works of the 17th century)

capitulations . The explanation of the practice is to be found in the fact that the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the state was held in those ages to apply only to its subjects; foreigners were excluded from its rights and obligations . The privilege of citizenship was considered too See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious to be extended to the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien, who was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long practically an outlaw . But when the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of foreigners residing within the state became too See also:

• GREAT

great, it was found to be politic to subject them to some See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and it was held that this law should be their own . When the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• RULE

rule was substituted for that of the Byzantine emperors, the See also:

• SYSTEM

system already in existence was continued; the various non-Moslem peoples were allowed their semi-See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy in matters affecting their See also:

• PERSONAL

personal status, and the Genoese of Galata were confirmed in their privileges . But the first See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation concluded with a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign state was that of 1535 granted to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . Lest it should be imagined that this was a concession wrested by the victorious See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian monarch from the decadent Turk, it should be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey was then at the height of her power, and that See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. had shortly before sustained a disastrous defeat at See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia .

His only See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of assistance See also:

• LAY

lay in See also:

• SULEIMAN

Suleiman I., whose attack on See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna had been checked by the victorious See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . The See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to Suleiman on the ground of the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• INTEREST

interest of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Turkey in over-coming Charles V.'s overweening power was successful; the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• MISSION

mission of Frangipani, an unofficial See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy who could be disowned in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of failure, paved the way for De la See also:

• FOREST

Forest's See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in 1534, and in 1536 the capitulations were signed.' They amounted to a treaty of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and a treaty allowing the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of Frenchmen in Turkey and fixing the jurisdiction to be exercised over them: individual and religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty is guaranteed to them, the king of France is empowered to appoint consuls in Turkey, the consuls are recognized as competent to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and criminal affairs of French subjects in Turkey according to French law, and the consuls may appeal to the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the sultan for their aid in the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of their sentences . This, the first of the capitulations, is practically the prototype of its successors . Five years later, similar capitulations were concluded with Venice . The capitulations were at first held to be in force only during the lifetime of the sultan by whom they were granted; thus in 1569 Sultan See also:

• SELIM

Selim II. renewed the French capitulations granted by his predecessor . In 1583 See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England obtained her first capitulation, until which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time France had been the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of all Europeans established in Turkey . Later on, England claimed to protect the subjects of other nations, a claim which is rejected in the French capitulations of 1597, 1604 and 1607, the last-named of which explicitly See also:

• LAYS

lays down that the subjects of all nations not represented at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople by an See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador shall be under French See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . In 1613 See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland obtained her first capitulation, with the assistance of the French ambassador, anxious to help a commercial See also:

• RIVAL

rival of England . In 1673 the French, represented by the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de Nointel, succeeded in obtaining the renewal of the capitulations which, for various reasons, had remained unconfirmed since 1607 . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. had been anxious to secure the See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of all Catholics in Turkey, but was obliged to content himself with the recognition of his right to protect all Latins of non-Turkish See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality; his claims for the restoration to the Catholics of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Places usurped by the Greeks was also rejected, the sultan only undertaking to promise to restore their churches to the Jesuit See also:

• CAPUCHINS

Capuchins . An important 1La Forest, a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Jerusalem, was the first See also:

• RESIDENT

resident ambassador of France at Constantinople . He died in 1JJ7.commercial gain was the reduction of the import duties from 5 to 3 %; and all suits the value of which exceeded 4000 aspres in which French subjects sued, or were sued by, an See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman subject, were to be heard not by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary tribunals but at the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte itself .

Later, France's friendship secured for Turkey a successful negotiation of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade in 1739, and the result was the capitulation of 1740; this is no longer limited in duration to the sultan's lifetime but is made perpetual, and, moreover, declares that it cannot be modified without the assent of the French . It conferred on the French ambassador See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over his colleagues . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria had obtained capitulations in 1718, modified in 1784; See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia secured similar privileges- in 1784 . In the course of the 18th century nearly every See also:

• EUROPEAN

European power had obtained these, and such newly-established countries as the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and See also:

• GREECE

Greece followed in the ,9th century . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief privileges granted under the capitulations to foreigners resident in Turkey are the following: liberty of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, inviolability of See also:

• DOMICILE (Lat. domicilium, from domus, home)

domicile, liberty to travel by See also:

• LAND

land and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, freedom of commerce, freedom of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• LOCAL

local jurisdiction See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save under certain safeguards, exclusive extra-territorial jurisdiction over foreigners of the same nationality, and competence of the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum of the See also:

• DEFENDANT

defendant in cases in which two foreigners are concerned (though the See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

Sublime Porte has long claimed to exercise jurisdiction in criminal cases in which two foreigners of different nationality are concerned—the capitulations are silent on the point and the claim is resisted by the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers) . The same system has been followed by such countries as See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• JAPAN

Japan and See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam . The See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical result of the capitulations in Turkey is to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form each See also:

• SEPARATE

separate foreign See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony into a sort of imperium in imperio, and to hamper the local jurisdiction very considerably . As the state granting the capitulations progresses in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization it chafes under these restraints in its sovereignty . Turkey's former vassals, See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania and See also:

• SERVIA

Servia, though theoretically See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to respect the capitulations so long as they formed See also:

• PART

part of Turkey, had practically abrogated them long before securing their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence through the treaty of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in 1878 . The same may be said of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria . Japan was liberated from the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of the capitulations some years ago . The extra-territorial jurisdiction exercised by the foreign powers over their subjects in Turkey and other countries where capitulations exist is regulated by See also:

• SPECIAL

special legislative enactments; in the case of the United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom by orders in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council .

In Turkey the capitulations are practically the only treaties in force with the powers, since the expiration about 1889 of the commercial treaties ,concluded in 1861-1862 . As they all contain the " most-favoured nation " clause, the privileges in any one apply to all the powers, though not always claimed . Thus America and Belgium claim under their treaties with Turkey the right to try all their subjects, even if accused of offences against Ottoman subjects—a claim recently made by Belgium in the case of the Belgian subject See also:

• JORIS, DAVID

Joris, accused of participation in the See also:

• BOMB

bomb See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage of 1905 at Yildiz . One See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar privilege granted in the capitulations of 1675 (See also:

• ART

Art . 74) authorizes the king of England to buy in Turkey with his own See also:

• MONEY

money two cargoes of See also:

• FIGS

figs and raisins, in fertile and abundant years and not in times of dearth or scarcity, and provides that after a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of 3% has been paid thereon no obstacle or hindrance shall be given thereto .