CAPPADOCIA  , in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, an extensive inland See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus the Capp. docians occupied the whole region from See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus to the Euxine . That author tells us that the name of the Cappadocians (Katpatouka) was applied to them by the Persians, while they were termed by the Greeks " Syrians," or " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Syrians " (Leucosyri) . Under the later See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the were divided into two satrapies or governments, the one comprising the central and inland portion, to which the name of Cappadocia continued to be applied by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek geographers, while the other was called Cappadocia Kara IIovrov, or simply See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus (q.v.) . This See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division had already come about before the time of See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon . As after the fall of the Persian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government the two provinces continued to be sbparate, the distinction was perpetuated, and the name Cappadocia came to be restricted to the inland See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province (sometimes called See also:

• GREAT

Great Cappadocia), which alone will be considered in the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded S. by the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of Mount Taurus, E. by the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, N. by Pontus, and W. vaguely by the great central See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt " See also:

• DESERT

Desert " (Axylon) . But it is impossible to define its limits with accuracy . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, the only ancient author who gives any circumstantial See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, greatly exaggerated its dimensions; it was in reality about 250 M. in length by less than 15o in breadth . With the exception of a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of the district called Melitene, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, which forms See also:

• PART

part of the valley of the Euphrates, the whole of this region is a high upland See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, attaining to more than 3000 ft., and constituting the most elevated portion of the great tableland of Asia Minor (q.v.) . The western parts of the province, where it adjoins See also:

• LYCAONIA

Lycaonia, extending thence to the See also:

• FOOT

foot of Mount Taurus, are open treeless plains, affording pasture in See also:

• MODERN

modern as in ancient times to numerous flocks of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, but almost wholly desolate . But out of the midst of this great upland level rise detached See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups or masses of mountains, mostly of volcanic origin, of which the loftiest are Mount Argaeus (still called by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks Erjish Dagh), (13,100 ft.), and See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan Dagh to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west (8000 ft.) .

The eastern portion of the province is of a more varied and broken See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, being traversed by the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system called by the Greeks See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Taurus . Between these mountains and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern chain of Taurus, properly so called, lies the region called in ancient times Cataonia, occupying an upland See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain surrounded by mountains . This district in the time of Strabo formed a portion of Cappadocia and was completely assimilated; but earlier writers and the Persian military system regarded the Cataonians as a distinct See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Cappadocia contained the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Sarus and Pyramus See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers with their higher affluents, and also the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course of the Halys (see ASIA MINOR), and the whole course of the tributary of Euphrates now called Tokhma Su . But as no one of these rivers was navigable or served to fertilize the lands along its torrential course, none has much importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the province . The See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Cappadocia, which was still in existence in the time of Strabo, as a nominally See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, was divided, according to that geographer, into ten districts . Of these Cataonia has been described; the adjoining district of Melitene, which did not originally See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form part of Cappadocia at all, but was annexed to it by Ariarathes I., was a fertile tract adjoining the Euphrates; its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town retains the name of See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

Malatia . See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia was the name given to the district in which Caesarea, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the whole country was situated, and in which See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose the conspicuous Mount Argaeus . Tyanitis, the region of which Tyana was the capital, was a level tract in the extreme south, extending to the foot of Mount Taurus . Garsauritis appears to have comprised the western or south-western districts adjoining Lycaonia; its chief town was Archelais . Laviansene or Laviniane was the country south and south-east of See also:

• SIVAS
• SIVAS (anc. Megalopolis-Sebasteia)

Sivas, through which ran the road from Sebastea to Caesarea: Sargarausene See also:

• LAY

lay south of the above, and included Uzun Yaila and the upper See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Tokhma Su; Saravene lay west of Laviansene and included the modern district of Ak Dagh; Chamanene lay west again of the above along the middle course of the Halys: Morimene was the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western district extending along the edge of the central desert as far south as Melegob . The only two cities of Cappadocia considered by Strabo to deserve that appellation were Mazaca, the capital of the kingdom under its native monarchs (see CAESAREA-MAZACA); and Tyana, not far from the foot of the Taurus, the site of which is marked bya great See also:

• MOUND

mound at a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place called Kiz (or Ekuz) See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar, about 12 M. south-west of See also:

• NIGDEH (Arab. Nakidah)

Nigdeh .

Archelais, founded by See also:

• ARCHELAUS

Archelaus, the last See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the country, subsequently became a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and a place of some importance . It is now Akserai . Several localities in the Cappadocian country were the sites of famous temples . Among these the most celebrated were those of See also:

• COMANA
• COMANA (mod. Gumenek)

Comana (q.v.) and Venasa in Morimene, where a male See also:

• GOD

god was served by over 3000 hieroduli . The See also:

• LOCAL

local sanctity of Venasa has been perpetuated by the Moslem veneration for Haji Bektash, the founder of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of dervishes to which the See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

Janissaries used in great part to belong . Cappadocia was remarkable for the number of its slaves, which constituted the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of its monarchs . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were sent to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome but did not enjoy a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reputation . The Cappadocian peasants are still in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of taking service in the west of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula and only returning to their homes after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long absences; their labour is now much valued by employers, as they are a strong sober folk . The province was celebrated for its horses, as well as for its vast flocks of sheep; but from its See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and the coldness of its See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, it could never have been See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and fertile . History.—Nothing is known of- the history of Cappadocia before it became subject to the Persian empire, except that the country was the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of a great " Hittite " See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power centred at Boghaz-Keui (see See also:

• PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)

PTERIA), which has See also:

• LEFT

left monuments at many places, e.g . Nevsheher, Fraktin, Gorun, Malatia, various points about Albistan and Derendeh, Bulgur Maden, Andaval and Tyana . Possibly the princes of the last named See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city were independent .

With the decline of the Syro-Cappadocians after their defeat by See also:

• CROESUS

Croesus, Cappadocia was left in the power of a sort of feudal See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, dwelling in strong castles and keeping the peasants in a servile See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, which later made them See also:

• APT

apt for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery . It was included in the third Persian satrapy in the division established by See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius, but long continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributary to the Great King . Thoroughly subdued at last by the See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap Datames, Cappadocia recovered See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence under a single ruler, Ariarathes (hence called Ariarathes I.), who was a contemporary of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great, and maintained himself on the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Cappadocia after the fall of the Persian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . The province was not visited by Alexander, who contented himself with the tributary See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of his See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty made by Ariarathes before the conqueror's departure from Asia Minor; and the continuity of the native See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty was only interrupted for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time after Alexander's See also:

• DEATH

death, when the kingdom See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the empire, to See also:

• EUMENES
• EUMENES (c. 360-316 B.C.)

Eumenes . His claims were made good in 322 by the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• PERDICCAS

Perdiccas, who crucified Ariarathes; but in the dissensions following Eumenes's death, the son of Ariarathes recovered his See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance and left it to a See also:

• LINE

line of successors, who mostly See also:

• BORE

bore the name of the founder of the dynasty . Under the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of the name Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus of Macedon . The kings henceforward threw in their See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic as against the Seleucids, to whom they had been from time to time tributary . Ariarathes V. marched with the Roman proconsul See also:

• CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus against See also:

• ARISTONICUS

Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergammum, and their forces were annihilated (130 B.C.) . The imbroglio which followed his death ultimately led to interference by the rising power of Pontus and the intrigues and See also:

• WARS

wars which ended in the failure of the dynasty . The Cappadocians, sup-ported by Rome against See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates, elected a native See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord, See also:

• ARIOBARZANES

Ariobarzanes, to succeed (93 B.C.); but it was not till Rome had disposed at once of the Pontic and Armenian kings that his See also:

• RULE

rule was established (63 B.C.) . In the See also:

• CIVIL

civil wars Cappadocia was now for See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey, now for See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, now for Antony, now against him . The Ariobarzanes dynasty came to an end and a certain Archelaus reigned in its See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead, by favour first of Antony, then of Octavian, and maintained tributary independence till A.D .

17, when the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Tiberius, on Archelaus's death in disgrace, reduced Cappadocia at last to a province . See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian in A.D . 70 joined See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia Minor to it and made the combined province a frontier See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark . It remained, under various provincial redistributions, part of the Eastern Empire till See also:

• LATE

late in the rrth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, though often ravaged both by Persians and See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . But before it passed into Seljuk hands (1074), and from them ultimately to the Osmanlis, it had, already become largely Armenian in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and speech; and thus we find the southern part referred to as " Hermeniorum terra " by crusading chroniclers . At this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the north-east and east parts of the province are largely inhabited by Armenians . The native kings had done much to Hellenize Cappadocia, which had previously received a strong Iranian See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour; but it was left to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete their See also:

• WORK

work . Though pre-Hellenic usages long survived in the local cults and habits, a part of the people has remained more or less Hellenic to this day, in spite of its envelopment by Moslem conquerors and converts . The tradition of its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, illuminated by the names of the two Gregories and See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil of Caesarea, has been perpetuated by the survival of a native Orthodox See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element throughout the west and north-west of the province; and in the remoter valleys Greek speech has never wholly died out . Its use has once more become general under Greek propagandist See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and the Cappadocian " Greeks " are now a flourishing community .