See also:

• CAPSTAN (also spelt in other forms, or as " capstock " and " cable stock," connected with the O. Fr. capestan or cabestan, from Lat. capistrum, a halter, capere, to take hold of; the conjecture that it came from the Span. cobra, goat, and estanto, standin

CAPSTAN (also spelt in other forms, or as " capstock " and " See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable stock," connected with the O. Fr. capestan or cabestan, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. capistrum, a halter, capere, to take hold of; the conjecture that it came from the Span. See also:

• COBRA (Naja tripudians)

cobra, See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, and estanto, standin  g, is untenable), an appliance used on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• SHIP

ship and on See also:

• DOCK

dock walls, for heaving-in or veering cables and hawsers, whether of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel or See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp . It differs from a windlass, which is used for the same purposes, in having the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis on which the rope is See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical instead of See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal . The word seems to have come into See also:

• ENGLISH

English (14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) from See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French or See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish ship-men at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades . The earlier forms were of a comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, made of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood with an iron spindle and worked by See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour with wooden See also:

• CAPSTAN (also spelt in other forms, or as " capstock " and " cable stock," connected with the O. Fr. capestan or cabestan, from Lat. capistrum, a halter, capere, to take hold of; the conjecture that it came from the Span. cobra, goat, and estanto, standin

capstan bars . As heavier cables were supplied to See also:

• SHIPS

ships, difficulty was found, when See also:

• RIDING

riding at See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor, in holding, checking and veering See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable . A cable-holder (W . H . Harfield's) was tested in H.M.S . " New-See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle " (wooden See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate) in 1870 and proved effective; its first development in 1876 was the application in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a windYass secured to the See also:

• DECK

deck, driven by a messenger See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain from the capstan, fitted in H.M.S . " Inflexible " (fig . 1) . The capstans and See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine are shown at A,A,A, and the windlass B is driven by messenger chains C, C .

The four cables (dotted See also:

• LINE

line D, D) See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to their respective cable-holders, fitted with a See also:

• BRAKE

brake, and by these means each cable-holder can be connected to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, and any cable See also:

• HOVE

hove-in or veered independently of the other; by using See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power instead of manual, the previous slow See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was obviated . In H.M.S . " See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col- lingwood " steam power was ' f used to See also:

• WORK

work the windlass ~ directly by means of See also:

• WORM

worm gearing; the windlass was divided into two parts, so that the one on the See also:

• PORT

port See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side could be worked independently of that on the starboard, and See also:

• VICE

vice versa . An See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent capstan in both ships, arranged to take either of the cables, could be worked by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or steam . In the " See also:

• COLLINGWOOD
• COLLINGWOOD, CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, BARON (1750-,8,o)

Collingwood's " windlass the cables remained on their holders, and could be hove-in or veered without being touched . See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier's patent windlass for See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant ships (1906) resembles an appliance fitted in the earlier second-class cruisers of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVY

navy (1890 to 1900) . Two cable wheels or cable-holders are moutited loose on a horizontal See also:

• AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

axle, one on each side of a worm See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel which is tightly keyed on the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• PART

part of the axle . A vertical steam engine with two cylinders, placed one on each side of the framing, drives a second horizontal axle which is connected by a set of See also:

• BEVEL (from an O. Fr. word, cf. mod. biveau, a joiner's instrument)

bevel gears to an upright worm shaft, which See also:

• WORKS

works the worm wheel . This worm wheel can be connected by means of sliding bolts to one or both of the cable wheels, enabling one or both cables to be hove-in or veered as necessary . A brake, of Napier's self-holding See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential type, is fitted to each cable wheel, and is controlled by hand wheels on the aft side of the windlass . For warping purposes, warping drums are fitted (made portable if required) . A third central capstan, fitted forward of the windlass, is connected to the upright worm shaft by a horizontal shaft and bevel wheels .

It can also be worked by manual labour with capstan bars . Fig . 2 represents the arrangement of the capstans on the forecastle of a battleship, fitted by Napier See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers . Deep-A A bodied capstans have been superseded by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum-headed ones, over which the guns may be fired . The three capstans or cable-holders of See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast steel, capable of taking z 6 in. cables, are fitted on vertical spindles, which pass down through the main and armoured decks to the See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform one, where the steam engine and gearing are placed . The gearing consists of worm and wheel gears, so arranged that the three capstans can be worked singly or in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction, when heaving-in or veering, and the brakes (of the type previously mentioned) are controlled by a portable hand wheel fitted on the aft side of each . The cable-holders can be used for riding at anchor (see CABLE) . The middle line capstan E is keyed to vertical spindles and can be coupled up to the capstan engine, by clutch and drop bolts in the capstan engine See also:

• ROOM

room; it is fitted with a cable-holder, to take either the port or starboard cables, and in addition is provided with portable whelps, enabling it to be used for warping . It can also be worked by manual labour with capstan bars, a drum-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head E', fitted on the spindle on the main deck, enabling additional capstan bars to be used if required . To avoid carrying steam pipes aft, the after capstan is worked by an electric motor which is kept below the See also:

• WATER

water-line . Napier Brothers' capstan (fig . 3) is for warping purposes, for working the stern anchor with See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire See also:

• HAWSER

hawser and for coaling .

It is placed on the upper deck, and is fitted with a drum-head for capstan bars, with pawls and pawl rim on the deck See also:

• PLATE

plate, the pawls A being lifted and placed on their rests B when working with the motor . The upper portion of the capstan, together with its drum-head, is portable, being fixed to the centre See also:

• BOSS

boss with keys and See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal screws . The centre boss is keyed to the spindle, which passes through the deck and carries at its See also:

• LOWER

lower end a coupling for connecting to the worm wheel See also:

• GEAR (connected with " garb," properly elegance, fashion, especially of dress, and with " gar," to cause to do, only found in Scottish and northern dialects; the root of the word is seen in the Old Tent. garwjan, to make ready)

gear . For working by motor, the additional See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of two drop bolts is provided . The gearing consists of a single worm and worm wheel, working in an oil-See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath, the worm shaft being coupled See also:

• DIRECT

direct to the motor spindle . The motor is of the semi-enclosed type, the working and live parts being protected by a perforated metallic covering; it is worked off a roo-volt See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, at a See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed under full load conditions of 300 revolutions per See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute . The motor is of a 4-See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole type and See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound wound, the shunt winding limiting the speed on See also:

• LIGHT

light load to not more than r000 revolutions per minute . A frictional break is provided, pulled off by means of a shunt-excited magnet . The controller is of the See also:

• REVERSING

reversing drum type, with not less than four steps in either direction, and is fitted with a magnetic See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow-out . The See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control is effected by a removable hand wheel on a portable See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal, fitted on See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top with a circular See also:

• DIAL

dial plate and indicating pointer; the hand wheel reverses the current as well as graduates the speed in either direction . All capstans of the British navy, after being fitted on board ship, are tested for lifting power and speed; with foremost (steam) capstans, the steam being at 150 lb pressure, the anchor is usually let go in 16 to 25 fathoms water, and the speed ascertained by observing the time taken to heave-in not less than a length of cable, 75 ft.; the length must be hove-in in three minutes, or at the See also:

• RATE

rate of 25 ft. per minute . With the after capstan (motor) of first-class battleships and cruisers, p. See also:

• WEIGHT

weight is used instead of an anchor, the test being to lift g tons at the rate of 25 ft. per minute .

Capstans on dock walls in British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards are usually driven by See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic or See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air pressure, conveyed through pipes to small engines underneath the capstans . (J . W .