See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, and one of the most important towns of ancient See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, situated 16 m . N. of Neapolis, on the N.E. edge of the Campanian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . Its site in a position not naturally defensible, together with the regularity of its See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, indicates that it is not a very ancient See also:

• TOWN

town, though it very likely occupies the site of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Oscan See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . Its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation is attributed by See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato to the Etruscans, and the date given as about 26o years before it was " taken " by See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (Vell. i . 7) . If this be referred, not to its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture in the second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (211 B.C.) but to its submission to Rome in 338 B.C., we get about 600 B.C. as the date of its foundation, a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period at which the See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was at its highest, and which may perhaps, therefore, be accepted.' The origin of the name is probably Campus, a plain,2 as the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective Camuanus shows, Capuanus being a later See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form stigmatized as incorrect by See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro (De L . L. x . 16) . The derivation from Kaaus (a See also:

• VULTURE

vulture, Latinized into Volturnum by some authorities who tell us that this was the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name), and that from caput (as though the name had been given it as the " See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head " of the twelve Etruscan cities of Campania), must be rejected . G . Patroni, in Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche (Rome, 1904), v . 217, is inclined to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it considerably earlier .

2 See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy iv . 37, " Vulturnum Etruscorum urbem quae nunc See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua est, ab Samnitibus captam (425 B.C.) Capuamque ab duce eorum Capye, vel, quod propius vero est, a campestri agro appellatam." The Etruscan supremacy in Campania came to an end with the Samnite invasion in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . (see CAMPANIA); these conquerors, however, entered into affiance with Rome for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the Samnite See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain tribes, and with Capua came the dependent communities See also:

• CASILINUM (mod. Capua)

Casilinum, See also:

• CALATIA

Calatia, See also:

• ATELLA

Atella, so that the greater See also:

• PART

part of Campania now See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under See also:

• ROMAN

Roman supremacy . The citizens received the civitas sine suffragio . In the second Samnite War they proved untrustworthy, so that the Ager Falerius on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Volturnus was taken from them and distributed among citizens of Rome, the tribes Falerna being thus formed; and in 318 the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the native officials (meddices) were limited by the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of officials with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title praefecti Capuam Cumas (taking their name from the most important towns of Campania); these were at first See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere deputies of the See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor urbanus, but after 123 B.C. were elected Roman magistrates, four in number; they governed the whole of Campania until the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, when they were abolished . In 312 B.C . Capua was connected with Rome by the construction of the Via See also:

• APPIA, VIA

Appia, the most important of the military highways of Italy . The See also:

• GATE

gate by which it See also:

• LEFT

left the Servian walls of Rome See also:

• BORE

bore the name See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, See also:

• CAPENA

Capena—perhaps the only See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in which a gate in this See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte bears the name of the place to which it led . At what time the Via See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina was prolonged to Casilinum is doubtful (it is quite possible that it was done when Capua fell under Roman supremacy, i.e. before the construction of the Via .Appia); it afforded a route only 6 m. longer, and the difficulties in connexion with its construction were much less; it also avoided the troublesome See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey through the Pomptine Marshes (see T . See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby in Papers of the See also:

• BRITISH

British School at Rome, i . 217, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1902) . The importance of Capua increased steadily during the 3rd century, and at the beginning of the second Punic War it was considered to be only slightly behind Rome and See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage themselves, and was able to furnish 30,000 See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry and 4000 See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry .

Until after the defeat of See also:

• CANNAE (mod. Canne)

Cannae it remained faithful to Rome, but, after a vain demand that one of the consuls should always be selected from it, it transferred its See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal, who made it his See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter-quarters, with See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad results to the morale of his troops (see PUNIC See also:

• WARS

WARS) . After a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege it was taken by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in 211 B.C. and severely punished; its magistrates and communal organization were abolished, the inhabitants losing their civic rights, and its territory became Roman See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state domain . Parts of it were sold in 205 and 149 B.C., another part was divided among the citizens of the new colonies of Volturnum and See also:

• LITERNUM

Liternum established near the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in 194 B.C., but the greater portion of it was reserved to be let by the state . Considerable difficulties occurred in preventing illegal encroachments by private persons, and it became necessary to buy a number of them out in 162 B.C . It was, after that period, let, not to large but to small proprietors . Frequent attempts were made by the democratic leaders to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the See also:

• LAND

land among new settlers . See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus in 83 B.C. actually succeeded in establishing a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, but it was soon dissolved; and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's speeches De Lege Agraria were directed against a similar See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt by Servilius See also:

• RULLUS, PUBLIUS SERVILIUS

Rullus in 63 B.c . In the meantime the necessary organization of the inhabitants of this thickly-populated See also:

• DISTRICT

district was in a measure supplied by grouping them See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round important shrines, especially that of See also:

• DIANA

Diana Tifatina, in connexion with which a pagus Dianae existed, as we learn from many See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions; a pagus Herculaneus is also known . The town of Capua belonged to none of these organizations, and was entirely dependent on the praefecti . It enjoyed See also:

• GREAT

great prosperity, however, owing to its spelt, which was worked into groats, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses, spices, unguents, &c., and also owing to its manufactures, especially of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, of which both the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Cato and the elder See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny speak in the highest terms (De agr . 135; Hist . Nat. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv .

95) . Its luxury remained proverbial; and Campania is especially spoken of as the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of gladiatorial combats . From the gladiatorial See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of Campania came See also:

• SPARTACUS

Spartacus and his followers in 73 B.C . See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar as See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in 59 B.C. succeeded in carrying out the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a colony in connexion with his agrarian See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and 20,00o Roman citizens were settled in this territory . The number of colonists was increased by See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Antony, Augustus (who constructed an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct from the See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons Tifata, and gave the town of Capua estates in the district of See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete to the value of 12 million sesterces—120,000), and See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero . In the war of A.D . 69 it took the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• VITELLIUS, AULUS

Vitellius . Under the later See also:

• EMPIRE

empire it is not often mentioned; but in the 4th century it was the seat of the consularis Campaniae and its chief town, though Ausonitis puts it behind See also:

• MEDIOLANUM, or MEDIOLANIUM (mod. Milan, q.v.)

Mediolanum (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan) and See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia in his ordo nobilium urbium . Under See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine we hear of the foundation of a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Capua . In A.D . 456 it was taken and destroyed by Genseric, but must have been soon rebuilt: it was, however, finally destroyed by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens in 84o and the church of S . Maria See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, founded about 497, alone remained .

It contains 52 ancient See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble columns, but was modernized in 1766 . The site was only occupied in the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages by a See also:

• VILLAGE

village which has, however, outgrown the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Capua in See also:

• MODERN

modern days . Remains.—No pre-Roman remains have been found within the town of Capua itself, but important cemeteries have been discovered on all sides of it, the earliest of which go back to the 7th or 6th century B.C . The tombs are of various forms, partly See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers with frescoes on the walls, partly cubical blocks of See also:

• PEPERINO

peperino, hollowed out, with grooved lids . The objects found within them consist mainly of vases of bronze (many of them without feet, and with incised designs of Etruscan See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style) and of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, some of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, some of See also:

• LOCAL

local manufacture, and of paintings . On the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the town, in the Patturelli See also:

• PROPERTY

property, a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple has been discovered with Oscan votive inscriptions, some of them inscribed upon terra-See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

cotta tablets, others on cippi, while of a See also:

• GROUP

group of 150 tuf a statuettes (representing a matron holding one or more See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in her See also:

• LAP

lap) three bore Latin inscriptions of the early imperial period . The site of the town being in a perfectly See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat plain, without natural defences, it was possible to See also:

• LAY

lay it out regularly . Its length from east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west is accurately determined by the fact that the Via Appia, which runs from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east from Casilinum to Calatia, turns due east very soon after passing tie so-called Arco Campano (a triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork, once faced with marble, with three openings, erected in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of some See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor unknown), and continues to run in this direction for 54131 See also:

• ENGLISH

English feet (= 6000 ancient Oscan feet) . The west gate was the Porta See also:

• ROMANA

Romana; remains of the east gate (the name of which we do not know) have been found . This fact shows that the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of the town was perfectly orientated, and that before the Via Appia was constructed, i.e. in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability in pre-Roman times . The width of the town from north to south cannot be so accurately deter-See also:

• MINED

mined as the See also:

• LINE

line of the north and south walls is not known, though it can be approximately, fixed by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of tombs (Beloch fixes it at 4000 Oscan feet = 3609 English feet), nor is it absolutely certain (though it is in the highest degree probable, for Cicero praises its See also:

• REGULAR

regular arrangement and See also:

• FINE

fine streets) that the plan of the town was rectangular . Within the town are remains of thermae on the north of the Via Appia and of a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre opposite, on the south .

The former consisted of a large cryptoporticus round three sides of a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, the south side being open to the road; it now lies under the prisons . Beloch (see below) attributes this to the Oscan period; but the construction as shown in Labruzzi's See also:

• DRAWING

drawing (v . 17) is partly of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-See also:

• WORK

work and See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus reticulatum, which may, of course, belong to a restoration . The See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the theatre had its back to the road; Labruzzi (v . 18) gives an interesting view of the See also:

• CAVEA

cavea . It appears from inscriptions that it was erected after the time of Augustus . Other inscriptions, however, prove the existence of a theatre as early as 94 B.C., so that the existence of another elsewhere must be assumed . We know that the Roman colony was divided into regions and possessed a capitolium, with a temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter, within the town, and that the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place, for unguents especially, was called Seplasia; we also hear of an aedes See also:

• ALBA

alba, probably the original See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, which stood in an open space known as albana . But the sites of all these are quite uncertain . Outside the town on the north is the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, built in the For these drawings see T . Ashby, " Dessins inedits de Carlo Labruzzi," in Melanges de l'Ecole francaise, 1903, 414.time of Augustus, restored by See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian and dedicated by See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius, as the inscription over the main entrance recorded . The exterior was formed by 8o Doric arcades of four storeys each, but only two See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches now remain .

The keystones were adorned with heads of divinities . The interior is better preserved; beneath the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena are subterranean passages like those in the amphitheatre at See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

Puteoli . It is one of the largest in existence; the longer See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter is 185 yds., the shorter 152, and the arena See also:

• MEASURES

measures 83 by 49 yds., the corresponding dimensions in the colosseum at Rome being 2o5, 170, 93 and 58 yds . To the east are considerable remains of See also:

• BATHS

baths—a large octagonal See also:

• BUILDING

building, an See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse against which the church of S . Maria delle Grazie is built, and several heaps of debris . On the Via Appia, to the south-east of the east gate of the town, are two large and well-preserved tombs of the Roman period, known as le Carceri vecchie and la Conocchia . To the east of the amphitheatre an ancient road, the Via Dianae, leads north to the Pagus Dianae, on the west slopes of the Mons Tifata, a community which sprang up round the famous and ancient temple of Diana, and probably received an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent organization after the abolition of that of Capua in 211 B.C . The place often served as a See also:

• BASE

base for attacks on the latter, and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, after his defeat of C . See also:

• NORBANUS, GAIUS

Norbanus, gave the whole of the mountain to the temple . Within the territory of the pages were several other temples with their magistri . After the restoration of the community of Capua, we find magistri of the temple of Diana still existing, but they were probably officials of Capua itself . The site is occupied by the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine church of S .

Angelo in Formis 2 which See also:

• DATES

dates from 944, and was reconstructed by the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot See also:

• DESIDERIUS

Desiderius (afterwards See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor III.) of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino in 1073, with interesting paintings, dating from the end of the 11th century to the middle of the 12th, in which five different styles may be distinguished . They form a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of all the chief episodes of the New Testament (see F . X . Kraus, Jahrbuch d. k. preuss . Kunstsammlungen, xiv.) . Deposits of votive objects (favissae), removed from the ancient temple from time to time as new ones came in and occupied all the available space, have been found, and considerable remains of buildings belonging to the Vicus Dianae (among them a triumphal arch and some baths, also a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with frescoes, representing the goddess herself ready for the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase) still exist . The ancient road from Capua went on beyond the Vicus Dianae to the Volturnus (remains of the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge still exist) and then turned east along the See also:

• RIVER

river valley to See also:

• CAIATIA (mod. Caiazzo)

Caiatia and See also:

• TELESIA [mod. Telese]

Telesia . Other roads ran to Puteoli and See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae (the so-called Via Campana) and to Neapolis, and as we have seen the Via Appia passed through Capua, which was thus the most important road centre of Campania (q.v.) . See Th . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in Corpus Inscrip . See also:

• LAT

Lat. x . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1883), p .

365 seq . ; J . Beloch, Campanien (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1890), 295 seq.; Ch . Hiilsen in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1899), iii . 1555 . (T .