CAPUCHINS  , an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of friars in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief and only permanent offshoot from the See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans . It arose about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1520, when Matteo di See also:

• BASSI, LAURA MARIA CATERINA (1711-1778)
• BASSI, UGO (1800-1849)

Bassi, an " Observant " Franciscan, became Wossessed of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit worn by the Franciscans was not the one that St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis had worn; accordingly he made himself a pointed or pyramidal See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood and also allowed his See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard to grow and went about See also:

• BARE

bare-footed . His superiors tried to suppress these innovations, but in 1528 he obtained the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VII. and also the permission to live as a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit and to go about everywhere See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching to the poor; and these permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of St Francis's See also:

• RULE

rule . Matteo was soon joined by others . The Observants opposed the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, but the Conventuals supported it, and so Matteo and his companions were formed into a See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation, called the Hermit Friars See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, as a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Conventual Franciscans, but with a See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar of their own, subject to the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the Conventuals . From their hood (capuche) they received the popular name of Capuchins . In 1529 they had four houses and held their first general See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, at which their See also:

• SPECIAL

special rules were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up .. The eremitical idea was abandoned, but the See also:

• LIFE

life was to be one of extreme austerity, simplicity and poverty—in all things as near an approach to St Francis's idea as was practicable . Neither the monasteries nor the congregation should possess anything, nor were any devices to be resorted to for evading this See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; no large See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days . Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch See also:

• MONEY

money . The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit . In See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were to go bare-footed without even sandals .

Besides the choral canonical See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of private See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer daily . The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• WORK

work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor . In See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology the Capuchins abandoned the later Franciscan school of Scotus, and returned to the earlier school of See also:

• BONAVENTURA, SAINT (JOHN OF FIDANZA)

Bonaventura (q.v.) . The new congregation at the outset of its See also:

• HISTORY

history underwent a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of severe blows . The two founders See also:

• LEFT

left it, Matteo di Bassi to return to the Observants, while his first See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, on being superseded in the office of vicar, became so insubordinate that he had to be expelled . The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the third vicar, Bernardino See also:

• OCHINO, BERNARDINO (1487-1564)

Ochino (q.v.), who became a Calvinist, 1543, and married, was even more disastrous . This mishap brought the whole congregation under the suspicion of heretical tendencies and the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope resolved to suppress it; he was with difficulty induced to allow it to continue, but the Capuchins were forbidden to preach . In a couple of years the authorities were satisfied as to the soundness of the general See also:

• BODY

body of Capuchin friars, and the permission to preach was restored . The congregation at once began to multiply with extraordinary rapidity, and by the end of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent order, with a general of their own . They are said to have had at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces . They were one of the chief factors in the Catholic See also:

• COUNTER

Counter-See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation, working assiduously among the poor, preaching, catechizing, confessing in all parts, and impressing the minds of the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• PEOPLE

people by the great poverty and austerity of their life .

By these means they were also extraordinarily successful in making converts from Protestantism to Catholicism . Nor were the activities of the Capuchins confined to Europe . From an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date they under-took See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen in See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and at the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th century a Capuchin missionary collegewas founded in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome for the purpose of preparing their subjects for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign missions . A large number of Capuchins have suffered martyrdom for the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel . This activity in Europe and else-where continued until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century, when the number of Capuchin friars was estimated at 31,000 . Like all other orders, the Capuchins suffered severely from the secularizations and revolutions of the end of the 18th century and the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th; but they survived the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain, and during the latter See also:

• PART

part of the 19th century rapidly recovered ground . At the beginning of the See also:

• PRESENT

present century there were fifty provinces with some 5o0 monasteries and 300 hospices or lesser houses; and the number of Capuchin friars, including See also:

• LAY

lay-See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, was reckoned at 9500 . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England there are ten or twelve Capuchin monasteries, and in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland three . The Capuchins now;possess the church of the Portiuncula at See also:

• ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi . , The Capuchins still keep up their missionary work and have some 200 missionary stations in all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world—notably See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Though "the poorest of all orders," it has attracted into its ranks an extraordinary number of the highest See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and even of See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty . The celebrated See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• MATHEW, THEOBALD (1790-1856)

Mathew, the apostle of See also:

• TEMPERANCE

Temperance in Ireland, was a Capuchin See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar .

Like the Franciscans the Capuchins See also:

• WEAR

wear a See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown habit . The Capuchines are Capuchin nuns . They were founded in 1538 in See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . They lived according to the rules and regulations of the Capuchin friars, and so austere was the life that they were called " Sisters of Suffering." The order spread to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and a few convents still exist . In order fully to grasp the meaning of the Capuchin reform, it is necessary to know the outlines of Franciscan history (see FRANCIS-cANS) . There does not appear to be any See also:

• MODERN

modern general history of the Capuchin order as a whole, though there are histories of various provinces and of the foreign missions . The references to all this literature will be found in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Kapuzinerorden " in Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (2nd ed.), which is the best general See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch on the subject . Shorter sketches, with the needful references, are given in Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen (1896), i . § 44, and in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie (3rd ed.), See also:

• ART

art . " Kapuziner . See also:

• HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot's Hist. See also:

• DES

des ordres religieux (1792), vii . C .

24 and c . 27, gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Capuchins up to the end of the 17th century . (E . C .