See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

CARBONARI (an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian word meaning " See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal-burners ")  , the name of certain See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of a revolutionary tendency which played an active See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Societies of a similar nature had existed in other countries and epochs, but the stories of the derivation of the See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari from mysterious brotherhoods of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages are purely fantastic . The Carbonari were probably an offshoot of the Freemasons, from whom they differed in important particulars, and first began to assume importance in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy during the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars . In the reign (18o8-1815) of See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat a number of secret societies arose in various parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of freeing it from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• RULE

rule and obtaining constitutional liberties; they were ready to support the Neapolitan Bourbons or Murat, if either had fulfilled these aspirations . Their See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-words were freedom and See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, but they were not agreed as to any particular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to be afterwards established . Murat's See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police was a certain Malghella (a Genoese), who favoured the Carbonari See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and was indeed the instigator of all that was See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's policy . Murat himself had at first protected the sectarians, especially when he was quarrelling with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, but later, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM (1774-1839)
• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE FREDERICK CAVENDISH

Bentinck entered into negotiations with them from See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, where he represented See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, through their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader Vincenzo See also:

• FEDERICI, CAMILLO (1749-1802)

Federici (known as Capobianco), holding out promises of a constitution for See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples similar to that which had been established in Sicily under See also:

• BRITISH

British auspices in 1812 . Some Carbonarist disorders having broken out in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, Murat sent See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Manhes against the rebels; the movement was ruthlessly quelled and Capobianco hanged in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1813 (see See also:

• GRECO, EL

Greco, Intorno al tentativo dei Carbonari di Citeriore Calabria nel 181.3) . But Malghella continued secretly to protect the Carbonari and even to organize them, so that on the return of the Bourbons in 1815 King See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand IV. found his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom swarming with them . The society comprised nobles, See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, small landlords, government officials, peasants and even priests . Its organization was both curious and mysterious, and had a fantastic See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual full of symbols taken from the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, as well as from the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal-burning, which was extensively practised in the mountains of the Abruzzi and Calabria . A See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge was called a vendita (See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale), members saluted each other as buoni cugini (See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins), See also:

• GOD

God was the " See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of the Universe," See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ the " Honorary Grand Master," also known as " the See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb," and every Carbonaro was pledged to deliver the Lamb from the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf, i.e. tyranny .

Its red, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag was the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of revolution in Italy until substituted by the red, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green in 1831 . When King Ferdinand See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself securely re-established at Naples he determined to exterminate the Carbonari, and to this end his minister of police, the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• CANOSA (anc. Canusium)

Canosa, set up another secret society called the Calderai del Contrappeso (braziers of the counterpoise), recruited from the brigands and the dregs of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who committed hideous excesses against supposed Liberals, but failed to exterminate the movement . On the contrary, Carbonarism flourished and spread to other parts of Italy, and countless lodges sprang up, their adherents comprising persons in all ranks of society, including, it is said, some of royal See also:

• BLOOD

blood, who had patriotic sentiments and desired to see Italy See also:

• FREE

free from foreigners . In Romagna the movement was taken up with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, but it also led to a certain number of murders owing to the fiery See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Romagnols, although its criminal See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record is on the whole a very small one . Among the foreigners who joined it for love of Italy was Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron . The first rising actively promoted by the Carbonari was the Neapolitan revolution of 182o . Several regiments were composed entirely of persons affiliated to the society, and on the 1st of See also:

• JULY

July a military See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out at Monteforte, led by two officers named See also:

• MORELLI, GIOVANNI (1816-1891)

Morelli and Silvati, to the cry of " God, the King and the Constitution." The troops sent against them, under General See also:

• PEPE, GUGLIELMO (1783-1855)

Pepe, himself a Carbonaro, sympathized with the mutineers, and the king, being powerless to resist, granted the constitution (13th of July), which he swore on the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar to observe . But the Carbonari were unable to carry on the government, and after the separatist revolt of Sicily had broken out the king went to the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach, and obtained from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria the See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of an army with which to restore the See also:

• AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

autocracy . He returned to Naples early in 1821 with 50,000 Austrians, defeated the constitutionalists under Pepe, dismissed See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and set to See also:

• WORK

work to persecute all who had been in any way connected with the movement . A similar movement broke out in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1821 . Here as in Naples the Carbonari comprised many men of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, such as Santorre di See also:

• SANTAROSA, ANNIBALE SANTORRE DI ROSSI DE POMAROLO, COUNT OF (1783-1825)

Santarosa, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• SAN

San Marzano, Giacinto di Collegno, and Count Moffa di Lisio, all officers in the army, and they were more or less encouraged by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-presumptive to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . The rising was crushed, and a number of the leaders were condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death or See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long terms of imprisonment, but most of them escaped .

At See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan there was only the vaguest See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy; but Silvio See also:

• PELLICO, SILVIO (1788-1854)

Pellico, Maroncelli and Count See also:

• CONFALONIERI, FEDERICO, COUNT (1785-1846)

Confalonieri were implicated as having invited the Piedmontese to invade See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy, and were condemned. to pass many years in the dungeons of the Spielberg . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French revolution of 183o had its See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo in Italy, and Carbonarism raised its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head in See also:

• PARMA

Parma, See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena and Romagna the following See also:

• YEAR

year . In the papal states a society called the Sanfedisti or Bande della See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fede had been formed to checkmate the Carbonari, and their behaviour and character resembled those of the Calderai of Naples . In 1831 Romagna and the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion and shook off the papal yoke with astonishing ease . At Parma the duchess, having rejected the demand for a constitution, See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and returned under See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . At Modena, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis IV., the worst of all Italian tyrants, was expelled by a Carbonarist rising, and a dictatorship was established under Biagio See also:

• NARDI, JACOPO (b. 1476)

Nardi on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . Francis returned with an Austrian force and hanged the conspirators, including Ciro Menotti . The Austrians occupied Romagna and restored the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, but though many arrests of Carbonari were made there were no executions . Among those implicated in the Carbonarist movement was See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Napoleon, who even in after years, when he was ruling France as Napoleon III., never quite forgot that he had once been a conspirator, a fact which influenced his Italian policy . The Austrians retired from Romagna and the Marches in July 1831, but Carbonarism and anarchy having broken out again, they returned, while the French occupied See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona . The Carbonari after these events ceased to have much importance, their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place being taken by the more energetic Giovane Italia Society presided over by Mazzini . In France, Carbonarism began to take See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root about 182o, and was more thoroughly organized than in Italy .

The example of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Italian revolutions incited the French Carbonari, and risings occurred at See also:

• BELFORT
• BELFORT, TERRITOIRE
• BELFORT, TERRITORY OF

Belfort, See also:

• THOUARS

Thouars, La Rochelle and other towns in 1821, which though easily quelled revealed the nature and organization of the movement . The Carbonarist lodges proved active centres of discontent until 183o, when, aftercontributing to the July revolution of that year, most of their members adhered to Louis Philippe's government . The Carbonarist movement undoubtedly played an important part in the Italian Risorgimento, and if it did not actively contribute to the wars and revolutions of 1848–49, 1859–6o and 1866, it prepared the way for those events . One of its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief merits was that it brought Italians of different classes and provinces together, and taught them to work in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony for the overthrow of tyranny and foreign rule .