See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

CARBON (See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol C, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 12)  , one of the chemical non-metallic elements . It is found native as the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond (q.v.), See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite (q.v.), as a constituent of all See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable tissues and of See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum . It also enters (as See also:

• CARBONATES

carbonates) into the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of many minerals, such as See also:

• CHALK

chalk, See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite, 306 See also:

• CALCITE

calcite, See also:

• WITHERITE

witherite, See also:

• CALAMINE

calamine and spathic See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore . In See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen (as See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide) it is also found to a small extent in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . It is a solid substance which occurs in several modifications, differing very much in their See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical properties . Amorphous carbon is obtained by the destructive See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of many carbon compounds, the various kinds differing very greatly as regards physical, characters and purity, according to the substance used for their preparation . The most See also:

• COMMON

common varieties met with are lampblack, See also:

• GAS

gas carbon, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, animal charcoal and See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke . Lampblack is prepared by burning See also:

• TAR

tar, See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine and other substances See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in carbon, with a limited See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; the products of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion being conducted into condensing See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in which cloths are suspended, on which the carbon collects . It is further purified by See also:

• HEATING

heating in closed vessels, but even then it still contains a certain amount of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• MATTER

matter and more or less See also:

• HYDROCARBONS

hydrocarbons . It is used in the manufacture of printer's See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink, in the preparation of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black paint and in See also:

• CALICO

calico See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . Gas carbon is produced by the destructive distillation of coal in the manufacture of See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating gas (see Gas: Manufacture), being probably formed by the decomposition of gaseous hydrocarbons . It is a very dense See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of carbon, and is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good conductor of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity .

It is used in the manufacture of carbon rods for arc See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights, and for the negative See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery . Charcoal is a porous form of carbon; several varieties exist . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar charcoal is obtained by the carbonization of sugar . It is purified by boiling with acids, to remove any mineral matter, and is then ignited for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in a current of See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to remove the last traces of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen . Animal charcoal (See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone black) is prepared by charring bones in iron retorts . It is a very impure form of carbon, containing on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average about 8o%, of See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium phosphate . It possesses a much greater decolorizing and absorbing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power than wood charcoal . A variety of animal charcoal is sometimes prepared by calcining fresh See also:

• BLOOD

blood with See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium carbonate in large cylinders, the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass being purified by boiling out with dilute hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and subsequent reheating . Wood charcoal is a hard and brittle black substance, which retains the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external structure of the wood from which it is made . It is prepared (where wood is plentiful) by stacking the wood in heaps, which are covered with See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth or with brushwood and See also:

• TURF

turf, and then burning the heap slowly in a limited supply of air . The combustion of the wood is conducted from the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top downwards, and from the exterior towards the centre; See also:

• GREAT

great care has to be taken that the See also:

• PROCESS

process is carried out slowly . The disadvantage in this process is that the by-products, such as pyroligneous acid, See also:

• ACETONE, or DIMETHYL KETONE

acetone, wood spirit, &c., are lost; as an alternative method, wood is frequently carbonized in ovens or retorts and the volatile products are condensed and utilized .

Charcoal varies considerably in its properties, depending upon the particular variety of wood from which it is prepared, and also upon the process used in its manufacture . It can be made at a temperature as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low as 300° C., and is then a soft, very friable material possessing a low ignition point . When made at higher temperatures it is much more dense, and its ignition point is considerably higher . Charcoal See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns when heated in air, usually without the formation of See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame, although a flame is apparent if the temperature be raised . It is characterized by its power of absorbing gases; thus, according to J . See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter [Phil . Mag., 1863 (4), 25, p . 3631, one See also:

• VOLUME

volume of charcoal absorbs (at o° C. and 76o mm. pressure) 171.7 res. of See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia, 86.3 ccs. of nitrous See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, 67.7 ccs. of carbon monoxide, 21.2 ccs. of carbon dioxide, 17.9 ccs. of oxygen, 15.2 ccs. of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen, and 4.4 ccs. of hydrogen [see also J . See also:

• DEWAR, SIR JAMES (1842- )

Dewar, See also:

• ANN

Ann . Chim . Phys., 1904 (8), 3, p . 51 .

It also has the power of absorbing colouring matters from See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . Charcoal is used as a See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel and as a reducing See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in metallurgical processes . The element carbon unites directly with hydrogen to form See also:

• ACETYLENE

acetylene when an electric arc is passed between carbon poles in an atmosphere of hydrogen (M . See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot) ; it also unites directly with See also:

• FLUORINE (symbol F, atomic weight 19)

fluorine, producing, chiefly, carbon tetrafluoride CF4 . It burns when heated in an atmosphere of oxygen, forming carbon dioxide, and when heated in See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur vapour it forms carbon bisulphide (q.v.) . When heated with nitrogenous substances, in the presence of carbonated or See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic See also:

• ALKALI

alkali, it forms cyanides . It combines directly with See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon, at the temperature of the electric See also:

• FURNACE

furnace, yielding See also:

• CARBORUNDUM

carborundum, SiC; and H . See also:

• MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan has also shown that it will combine withmany metals at the temperature of the electric furnace, to form carbides (q.v.) . The specific heat of carbon varies with the temperature the following values having been obtained by H . F . See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber (Jahresberichte, 1874, p . 63): Diamond .

Graphite . Porous wood carbon . t° . Sp . Ht . t° . Sp . Ht. t° . Sp . Ht . -50.5 0.0635 -50.3 0.1138 0-23 0.1653 - to-6 0.0955 -10.7 0.1437 0-99 0'1935 +10.7 0.1128 +Io.8 0.1604 0—223 0.2385 85.5 0.1765 61.3 0.1990 206.1 0.2733 201.6 0.2966 606.7 0.4408 641'9 0'4454 985.0 0'4589 977.0 0.4670 The atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of carbon has been determined by J . B . A .

See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas and by J . S . See also:

• STAS, JEAN SERVAIS (1813–1891)

Stas [Ann . Chico . Phys., 1841 (3), 1, p . 1 ; Jahresb., 1849, 2231 by estimating the amount of carbon dioxide formed on burning graphite or diamond in a current of oxygen, the value obtained being 12.0 (o =16) . Confirmatory See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence has also been obtained by 0 . L . See also:

• ERDMANN
• ERDMANN, JOHANN EDUARD (1805-1892)

Erdmann and R . F . Marchand (Jour . Prak .

Chem., 1841, 23, p . 159; see also F . W . See also:

• CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
• CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
• CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
• CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
• CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
• CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
• CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
• CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
• CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
• CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
• CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
• CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)

Clarke, Jahresb., 1881, p . 7) . Compounds.—Three oxides of carbon are known, namely, carbon suboxide, C302, carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, See also:

• CO2

CO2 . Carbon suboxide, C202, is formed by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus pent-oxide on See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl malonate (0 . Diels and B . See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee., 1906, 39, p . 689), See also:

• CH2
• CH2(OH)

CH2(000C2H5)2=2C2H4+2H2O+C3O2 . At See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary temperatures it is a colourless gas, possessing a penetrating and suffocating See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell . It liquefies at 7° C .

It is an exceedingly reactive See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, combining with See also:

• WATER

water to form malonic acid, with hydrogen chloride to form malonyl chloride, and with ammonia to form malonamide . When kept for some time in sealed tubes it changes to a yellowish liquid, from which a yellow flocculent substance gradually separates, and finally it suddenly solidifies to a dark red mass, which appears to be a polymeric form . Its vapour See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density agrees with the molecular See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula C3O2, and this formula is also confirmed by exploding the gas with oxygen and measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced (see See also:

• KETENES

KETENES) . Carbon monoxide, CO, is found to some extent in volcanic gases . It was first prepared in 1776 by J . M . F . Lassone (Mem . Acad . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris) by heating See also:

• ZINC

zinc oxide with carbon, and was for some time considered to be identical with hydrogen . See also:

• CRUIKSHANK, GEORGE (1792–1878)

Cruikshank concluded that it was are. oxide of carbon, a fact which was confirmed by See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement and J . B .

Desormes (Ann . Chico . Phys., 18oi, 38, p . 285) . It may be prepared by passing carbon dioxide over red-hot carbon, or red-hot iron; by heating carbonates (See also:

• MAGNESITE

magnesite, chalk, &c.) with zinc dust or iron; or by heating many metallic oxides with carbon . It may also be prepared by heating formic and oxalic acids (or their salts) with concentrated sulphuric acid (in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of oxalic acid, an equal volume of carbon dioxide is produced) ; and by heating potassium ferrocyanide with a large excess of concentrated sulphuric acid, K4Fe (C N )s +6H2SO4 +6H2O = 2 K2SO4 +FeSO4 + 3(NH4)2SO4 +6C0 . It is a colourless, odourless gas of specific gravity 0.967 (air = I) . It is one of the most difficultly liquefiable gases, its See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical temperature being -139.5° C., and its critical pressure 35'5 atmos . The liquid boils at -190° C., and solidifies at -211 ° C . (L . P . Cailletet, Comptes rendus, 1884, 99, p .

706) . It is only very slightly soluble in water . It burns with a characteristic See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue flame to form carbon dioxide . It is very poisonous, uniting with the haemoglobin of the blood to form carbonyl-haemoglobin . It is a powerful reducing agent, especially at high temperatures . It is rapidly absorbed by an ammoniacal or acid (hydrochloric acid) solution of cuprous chloride . It unites directly with chlorine, forming carbonyl chloride or phosgene (see below), and with See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel and iron to form nickel and iron carbonyls (see NICKEL and IRON) . It also combines directly with potassium hydride to form potassium formate (see FoRMIC Am)) . The volume composition of carbon monoxide is established by exploding a mixture of the gas with oxygen, two volumes of the gas combining with one volume of oxygen to form two volumes of carbon dioxide . This fact, coupled with the determination of the vapour density of the gas, establishes the molecular formula CO . Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a gas first distinguished from air by See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• HELMONT, JEAN BAPTISTE VAN (1577—1644)

Helmont (1577—1644), who observed that it was formed in See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation processes and during combustion, and gave to it the name gas sylvestre . J .

Black (Edin . Phys. and Lit . Essays, 1755) showed that it was a constituent of the carbonated alkalis and called it " fixed air." T . O . See also:

• BERGMAN, TORBERN OLOF (1735-1784)

Bergman, in 1774, pointed out its acid See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and A . L . See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier (1781—1788) first proved it to be an oxide of carbon by burning carbon in the oxygen obtained from the decomposition of mercuric oxide . It is a See also:

• REGULAR

regular constituent of the atmosphere, and is found in many See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and in volcanic gases; it also occurs in the uncombined See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition at the Grotto del See also:

• CANE

Cane (See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples) and in the See also:

• POISON

Poison Valley (See also:

• JAVA

Java) . It is a constituent of the minerals See also:

• CERUSSITE

cerussite, See also:

• MALACHITE

malachite, See also:

• AZURITE, or CHESSYLITE

azurite, spathic iron ore, calamine, See also:

• STRONTIANITE

strontianite, witherite, calcite See also:

• ARAGONITE

aragonite, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, &c . It may be prepared by burning carbon in excess of air or oxygen, by the See also:

• DIRECT

direct decomposition of many carbonates by heat, and by the decomposition of carbonates with mineral acids, M2CO2+2HC1=2MC1+See also:

• H2O (combined)

H2O+CO2 . It is also formed in ordinary fermentation processes, in the combustion of all carbon compounds (oil, gas, candles, coal, &c.), and in the process of respiration . It is a colourless gas, possessing a faint pungent smell and a slightly acid See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste .

It does not See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn, and does not support ordinary combustion, but the alkali metals and See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium, if strongly heated, will continue to burn in the gas with formation of oxides and liberation of carbon . Its specific gravity is 1.529 (air= I) . It is readily condensed, passing into the liquid condition at o° C. under a pressure of 35 atmospheres . Its critical temperature is 31.35° C., and its critical pressure is 72.9 atmos . The liquid boils at -78.2° C . (I atmo.), and by rapid evaporation can be made to solidify to a See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white solid which melts at—65° C . (see LIQUID GASES) . Carbon dioxide is moderately soluble in water, its coefficient of solubility at o° C. being 1.7977 (R . Bunsen) . It is still more soluble in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol . The solution of the gas in water shows a faintly acid reaction and is supposed to contain carbonic acid, H2CO8 . The gas is rapidly absorbed by solutions of the caustic alkalis, with the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of alkaline carbonates (q.v.), and it combines readily with potassium hydride to form potassium formate .

It unites directly with ammonia gas to form ammonium carbamate, NH2OOONH4 . It may be readily recognized by the white precipitate which it forms when passed through See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime or baryta water . Carbon dioxide dissociates, when strongly heated, into carbon monoxide and oxygen, the reaction being a balanced action; the extent of See also:

• DISSOCIATION

dissociation for varying temperatures and pressures has been calculated by H . Le Chatelier (Zeit . Phys . Chem., 1888, 2, p . 782; see H . Sainte-Claire Deville, Comptes rendus, 1863, 56, p . 195 et seq.) . The volume composition of carbon dioxide is determined by burning carbon in oxygen, when it is found that the volume of carbon dioxide formed is the same as that of the oxygen required for its production, hence carbon dioxide contains its own volume of oxygen . Carbon dioxide finds See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial application in the preparation of soda by the Solvay process, in the sugar See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, in the manufacture of mineral waters, and in the artificial production of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice . Carbonyl chloride (phosgene), COCl2, was first obtained by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY

Davy (Phil .

Trans., 1812, 40, p . 220) . It may be prepared by the direct See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of carbon monoxide and chlorine in sunlight (Th . Wilm and G . Wischin, Ann., 1868, 14, p . 150) ; by the action of phosphorus pentoxide on carbon tetrachloride at 200—210° C . (G . Gustayson, Ber., 1872, 5, . 30), 4CC14+P4010 =2CO2+4POCls+ 200012 ; by the oxidation of-See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform with chromic acid mixture (A . Emmerlingg and B . Lengyel, Ber., 1869, 2, p . 54), 4CHC18+302 = 400012+2H2O+2C12; or most conveniently by heating carbon tetrachloride with fuming sulphuric acid (H .

Erdmann, Ber., 1893, 26, p . 1993), 2S02+CC14=S205C12+0001, . It is a colourless gas, possessing an unpleasant pungent smell . Its vapour density is 3.46 air =1) . It may be condensed to a liquid, which boils at 8° C . It is readily soluble in See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene, glacial acetic acid, and in many hydrocarbons . Water decomposes it violently, with formation of carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid . It reacts with alcohol to form chlorcarbonic ester and ultimately diethyl carbonate (see CARBONATEs), and with ammonia it yields See also:

• UREA, or CARBAMIDE, CO(NH2)2

urea (q.v.) . It is employed commercially in the production of colouring matters (see See also:

• BENZOPHENONE (DIPIENYL KETONE)

BENZOPHENONE), and for various synthetic processes . Carbon oxysulphide, See also:

• COS
• COS, or STANKO (Ital. Stanchio, Turk. Islan-keui, by corruption from Etc rav KW)

COS, was first prepared by C . Than in 1867 (Ann . Suppl., 5, p .

236) by passing carbon monoxide and sulphur vapour through a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube at a moderate heat . It is also formed by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen on the isocyanic See also:

• ESTERS

esters, 2CONC2H6+H2S=COS+CO(NHC2H6)2, by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on the isothiocyanie esters, RNCS+H20 = COS+RNH2, or of dilute sulphuric acid on the thiocyanates . In the latter reaction various other compounds, such as carbon dioxide, carbon bisulphide and hydrocyanic acid, are produced . They are removed by passing the vapours in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession through concentrated solutions of the caustic alkalis, concentrated sulphuric acid, and triethyl phosphine; the residual gas is then purified by liquefaction (W . Hempel, Zeit. angew . Chemie, 1901, 14, p . 865) . It is also formed when sulphur trioxide reacts with carbon bisulphide at See also:

• IOO

ioo° C., CS2+3SO3 =COS+4SO2, and by the decomposition of ethyl potassium thiocarbonate with hydrochloric acid, CO(OC2H6)SK+ HCI=COS+KCI+C2H5OH . It is a colourless, odourless gas, which burns with a blue flame and is decomposed by heat . Its vapour density is 2.1046 (air =1) . The liquefied gas boils at -47° C. under atmospheric pressure . It is soluble in water; the aqueous solution gradually decomposes on See also:

• STANDING

standing, forming carbon dioxide and sulphuretted hydrogen .

It is easily soluble in solutions of the caustic alkalis, provided they are not too concentrated, forming solutions of alkaline carbonates and sulphides, COS+4KHO=K2CO5+ K2S-l- 2H2O .