CARCASSONNE  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• AUDE

Aude, 57 M . S.E. of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern railway between that city and See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne . Pop . (1906) 25,346• Carcassonne is divided by the See also:

• RIVER

river Aude into two distinct towns, the Ville Basse and the Cite, which are connected by two See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, one See also:

• MODERN

modern, the other dating from the 13th'See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The Cite occupies the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of an abrupt and isolated See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the river . Its dirty and irregular streets are inhabited by a scanty See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of workpeople, and its See also:

• INTEREST

interest lies mainly in its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fortifications (see FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT) which, for completeness and strength, are unique in France and probably in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . They consist of a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• LINE

line of ramparts, of which the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• MEASURES

measures more than 1600 yds. in circumference . These are protected at frequent intervals by towers, and can be entered only by two See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, one to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, the other to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, both of which are themselves elaborately fortified (see See also:

• GATE

GATE) . In the interior, and to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the western gate, a citadel adjoins the fortifications . A portion of the inner line is attributed to the Visigoths of the 6th century; the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, including the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, seems to belong to the 11th or I2th century, while the outer See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit has been referred mainly to the end of the 13th . The old See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Nazaire See also:

• DATES

dates from the 11th to the 14th centuries . The See also:

• NAVE

nave was begun in Io96 and is Romanesque in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; the See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept and See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, which contain magnificent stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, are of See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture .

Both the fortifications and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church were restored by See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc between 185o and 1880 . On the See also:

• LEFT

left bank of the Aude, between it and the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal du Midi, lies the new See also:

• TOWN

town, clean, well-built and flourishing, with streets intersecting each other at right angles . It is surrounded by boulevards occupying the site of its ramparts, and is well provided with fountains, public squares and gardens planted with See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PLANE

plane-trees . The most interesting buildings are the cathedral of St See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel, dating from the 13th century but restored in modern times, and St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent, a church of the 14th century, remarkable for the width of its nave . Carcassonne is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect and a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a chamber of commerce and a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Bank of France . It also has a lycee for boys, training-colleges, theological seminaries, a library and a museum See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in paintings . The old See also:

• CLOTH

cloth See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is almost See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The town is, however, an important See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, and the vineyards of the vicinity are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source of its prosperity, which is enhanced by its See also:

• PORT

port on the Canal du Midi . Tanning and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-dressing, distilling, the manufacture of agricultural implements, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and corks, See also:

• COOPERAGE (from " cooper," a maker of casks, derived from such forms as Mid. Dutch caper, Ger. Kufer, Lat. cuparius; the same root is seen in various Teut. words for a basket, such as Dutch kuip and Eng. " kipe " and " coop, " but cooper is apparently not
• COOPERAGE, or COPERAGE (Flemish and Dutch kooper, a trader, dealer)

cooperage and the preparation of preserved fruits, are prominent See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . Carcassonne occupies the site of Carcaso, an ancient city of Gallia Narbonensis, which belonged to the See also:

• VOLCAE

Volcae Tectosages . It was a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of some importance at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar's invasion, but makes almost no See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

history . On the disintegration of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the Visigoths, who, in spite of the attacks of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, especially in 585, retained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession till 724, when they were expelled by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, destined in turn to yield before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long to See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short .

From about 819 to 1082 Carcassonne formed a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate countship, and from the latter date till 1247 a See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount-See also:

• SHIP

ship . Towards the end of the ixth century the viscounts of Carcassonne assumed the style of viscounts of See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers, which town and its lords they had dominated since the fall of the Carolingian empire . The viscounty of Carcassonne, together with that of Beziers, was confiscated to the See also:

• CROWN

crown in 1247, as a result of the See also:

• PART

part played by the viscount See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger against See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort in the Albigensian crusade, during which in 1209 the city was taken by the Crusaders (see ALBIGENSES) . A revolt of the city against the royal authority was severely punished in 1262 by the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal inhabitants, who were, however, permitted to take up their quarters on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the river . This was the origin of the new town, which was fortified in 1347 . During the religious See also:

• WARS

wars, Carcassonne several times changed hands, and it did not recognize See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. till 1596 . See E . E . Viollet-le-Duc, La Cite de Carcassonne (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1858) ; L . Fedie, Histoire de Carcassonne (Carcassonne, 1887) .