See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• HENRY CHARLES CAREY (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

CAREY (1793-1879)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American economist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia on the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1793 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-eight he succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• MATHEW, THEOBALD (1790-1856)

Mathew See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey (1760-1839)—an influential economist, See also:

• POLITICAL

political reformer, editor, and publisher, of Irish See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, but for many years a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident of Philadelphia—as a member of the See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing See also:

• FIRM

firm of Carey & See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea, which was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the most conspicuous in See also:

• AMERICA

America . He died in Philadelphia on the 13th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1879 . Among Mathew Carey's many writings had been a collection (1822) of Essays on Political See also:

• ECONOMY

Economy, one of the earliest of American See also:

• TREATISES

treatises favouring See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry C . Carey's See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• WORK

work was devoted to the See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of the same theory . He retired from business in 1838, almost simultaneously with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance (1837-1840) of his Principles of Political Economy . This See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, which was translated into See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish, soon became the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard representative in the See also:

• UNITED

United States of the school of economic thought which, with some interruptions, has since dominated the See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff See also:

• SYSTEM

system of that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Carey's first large work on political economy was preceded and followed by many smaller volumes on See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages, the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit system, See also:

• INTEREST

interest, See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright, &c.; and in 1858-1859 he gathered the fruits of his lifelong labours into The Principles of Social See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, in three volumes . This work is a most comprehensive as well as mature exposition of his views . In it Carey sought to show that there exists, independently of human See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills, a natural system of economic See also:

• LAWS

laws, which is essentially beneficent, and of which the increasing prosperity of the whole community, and especially of the working classes, is the spontaneous result—capable of being defeated only by the See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance or perversity of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man resisting or impeding its See also:

• ACTION

action . He rejected the Malthusian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, maintaining that See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers regulate themselves sufficiently in every well-governed society, and that their pressure on subsistence characterizes the See also:

• LOWER

lower, not the more advanced, stages of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . He denied the universal truth, for all stages of cultivation, of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of diminishing returns from See also:

• LAND

land .

His fundamental theoretic position relates. to the See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and value . Carey held that land, as we are concerned with it in See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial life, is really an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production which has been formed as such by man, and that its value is due to the labour expended on it in the past—though measured, not by the sum of that labour, but by the labour necessary under existing conditions to bring new land to the same See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of productiveness . He studied the occupation and reclamation of land with See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage as an American, for whom the traditions of first See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement were living and fresh, and before whose eyes the See also:

• PROCESS

process was indeed still going on . The difficulties of adapting a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• SOIL

soil to the work of yielding organic products for man's use can be lightly estimated only by an inhabitant of a country long under cultivation . It is, in Carey's view, the overcoming of these difficulties by arduous and continued effort that entitles the first occupier of land to his See also:

• PROPERTY

property in the soil . Its See also:

• PRESENT

present value forms a very small See also:

• PRO

pro-portion of the cost expended on it, because it represents only what would be required, with the science and appliances of our See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, to bring the land from its primitive into its present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Property in land is therefore only a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of invested See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital—a quantity of labour or the fruits of labour permanently incorporated with the soil; for which, like any other capitalist, the owner is compensated by a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the produce . He is not rewarded for what is done by the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of nature, and society is in no sense defrauded by his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . The so-called Ricardian theory of See also:

• RENT

rent is a speculative See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy, contradicted by all experience . Cultivation does not in fact, as that theory supposes, begin with the best, and move downwards to the poorer soils in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of their inferiority . The See also:

• LIGHT

light and dry higher lands are first cultivated; and only when population has becomedense and capital has accumulated, are the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying lands, with their greater fertility, but also with their morasses, inundations, and miasmas,- attacked and brought into occupation . Rent, regarded as a proportion of the produce, sinks, like all interest on capital, in process of time, but, as an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute amount, increases .

The share of the labourer increases, both as a pro-portion and an absolute amount . And thus the interests of these different social classes are in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony . But, Carey proceeded to say, in order that this harmonious progress may be realized, what is taken from the land must be given back to it . All the articles derived from it are really separated parts of it, which must be restored on See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of its exhaustion . Hence the producer and the consumer must be See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to each other; the products must not be exported to a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign country in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for its manufactures, a nd thus go to enrich as manure a foreign soil . In immediate exchange value the landowner may gain by such exportation, but the productive powers of the land will suffer . Carey, who had set out as an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, accordingly arrived at the doctrine of protection: the " co-ordinating See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power" in society must intervene to prevent private advantage from working public See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief . He attributed his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion on this question to his observation of the effects of liberal and protective tariffs respectively on American prosperity . This observation, he says, threw him back on theory, and led him to see that the intervention referred to might be necessary to remove (as he phrases it) the obstacles to the progress of younger communities created by the action of older and wealthier nations . But it seems probable that the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List's writings, added to his own deep-rooted and hereditary See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy and dislike of See also:

• ENGLISH

English predominance, had something to do with his See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of attitude (see PROTECTION) .