CARLO BUONAPARTE [See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• MARIE

Marie de See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte] (1746-1785)  , the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I., took his degree in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the Napoleon's university of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, and after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica father by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French became See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor to the royal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of and See also:

• AJACCIO

Ajaccio and the neighbouring districts . His restless See also:

• MOTHER

mother. and dissatisfied nature led him to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press or intrigue for other posts, and to embark in risky business enterprises which compromised the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of his See also:

• FAMILY

family for many years to come . In 1764 he married Letizia Ramolino, a beautiful and high-spirited girl, aged fourteen, descended from a well-connected family domiciled in Corsica since the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The first two See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1765 and 1767, died in See also:

• INFANCY

infancy; See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph (see below), the first son who survived, was born in 1768, and Napoleon in 1769 . The latter was born in the midst of the troubles consequent on the French conquest, Letizia having recently accompanied her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband in several journeys and escapes . Her See also:

• FIRM

firm and courageous disposition showed itself at that trying See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and throughout the whole of her singularly varied career . See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple and frugal in her tastes, and devout in thought and manner of See also:

• LIFE

life, she helped to bind her children to the life of Corsica, while her husband, a schemer by nature and a Voltairian by conviction, pointed the way to careers in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the opening up of which moulded the fortunes of the family and the destinies of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . He died of See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

cancer in the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier in 1785 . Letizia lived to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory and the downfall of her See also:

• GREAT

great son, surviving Napoleon I. by sixteen years . She never accommodated herself to the See also:

• PART

part she was called on to See also:

• PLAY

play during the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and, though endowed with immense See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and distinguished by the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Madame See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere, lived mainly in retirement, and in the exercise of a strict domestic See also:

• ECONOMY

economy which her See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early privations had made a second nature to her, but which rendered her very unpopular in France and was displeasing to Napoleon . After the events of 1814 she joined theemperor in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba and was privy to his plans of See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, returning to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days . After the final downfall of See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo, she took up her See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius VII. treated her with great kindness and See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration, and protected her from the suspicious attentions of the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance .

In 18,8 she addressed a pathetic See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the powers assembled at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• AIX

Aix, petitioning for Napoleon's See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, on the ground that his mortal illness had removed any possibility of his ever again becoming a menace to the See also:

• WORLD

world's See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The letter remained unanswered, the powers having See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that it was a mere See also:

• POLITICAL

political move, and that its terms had been previously concerted with Napoleon . Henceforth, saddened by the See also:

• DEATH

death of Napoleon, of her daughters Pauline and Elisa, and of several grandchildren, she lived a life of mournful-seclusion . In 1829 she was crippled by a serious fall, and was all but See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind before her death in 1836 . For the See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte family in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and Carlo and Letizia, see Storia .genealogica della famiglia Bonaparte, della sua origine fino all' estinzione del ramo giet esisente nella See also:

• CILIA (plural of Lat. cilium, eyelash)

cilia di S . Miniato, scritta da un Samminiatese (D . Morali) (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence,1846) ; F. de Stefani, Le antichita dei Bonaparte; precede per una introduzione (L . Beretta) (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1857); L . See also:

• AMBROSINI, BARTOLOMEO (1588-1657)

Ambrosini and A . Huard, La Famille imperiale . Hist. de la famille Bonaparte depuis son origine jusqu'en 186o (Paris, 186o); C . Leynadier, Histoire de la famille Bonaparte de l'an lo5o a l' an 1848 (continuee jusqu'en 1866 See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par de la Brugere) (Paris, 1866) ; A .

Kleinschmidt, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Eltern and Geschwister Napoleons I . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1876) ; D . A: See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham, The Marriages of the Bonapartes (2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1881) ; F . See also:

• MASSON, DAVID (1822–1907)
• MASSON, LOUIS CLAUDE FREDERIC (1847– )

Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897–1900) ; A . Chuquet, La Jeunesse de Napoleon (3 vols., Paris, 1897–1899) ; T . Nasica, Memoires sur l'enfance et la Junesse de Napoleon jusqu'a l'dge de vingt-trois ans; precedes d'une See also:

• NOTICE

notice historique sur son pere; See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron H . Larrey, Madame Mere (2 vols., Paris, 1892); See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara See also:

• TSCHUDI, or SCHUDY

Tschudi, Napoleons Mutter: aus dem Norwegischen iibersetzt von H. von Lenk (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1901) . The See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers and sisters of Napoleon I., taken in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, are the following: L JOSEPH (1768—1844), was born at See also:

• CORTE

Corte in Corsica, on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1768 . He was educated at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• AUTUN

Autun in France, returned to Corsica in 1784, shortly after the death of his father, and thereafter studied law at Papolthers eon's the university of Pisa . He became a See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister at 8 o See also:

• BASTIA

Bastia in See also:

• JUNE

June 1788, and was soon elected a councillor sisters: of the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality of Ajaccio . Like his brothers, I . Joseph Napoleon and Lucien, he embraced the French or parten- pa .

- democratic See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and on the victory of the Paolist party fled with his family from Corsica and sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in France . After spending a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time in Paris, where he was disgusted with the excesses of the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins, he settled at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles and married Mlle Julie Clary, daughter of a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of that See also:

• TOWN

town . The Bonapartes moved from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place, mainly with the view of concerting See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the recovery of Corsica . Joseph took part in these efforts and went on a See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa in 1795 . In 1796 he accompanied his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Napoleon in the early part of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, and had some part in the negotiations with See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia which led to the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice of Cherasco (See also:

• APRIL

April 28), the See also:

• NEWS

news of which he See also:

• BORE

bore to the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Later he proceeded to See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, took part in the French expedition for the recovery of Corsica, and, along with the See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, Miot de See also:

• MELITO

Melito, helped in the reorganization of that island . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1797 he was appointed by the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the court of See also:

• PARMA

Parma, and early in the summer he proceeded to Rome in the same capacity . Discords arose between the Vatican and the French Republic, and it is clear that Napoleon and the French Directory ordered Joseph to encourage revolutionary movements in Rome . On the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1797 a disturbance took place opposite the French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, which led to the death of the French general, Leonard Duphot . Joseph at once See also:

• LEFT

left Rome, which soon became a republic . Repairing to Paris, he entered on See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary life, becoming one of the members for Corsica in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Five Hundred . He made no See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the chamber and retired in 1799• Before the coup d'etat of See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire he helped Napoleon in making overtures to Sieyes and See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau, but otherwise did little .

Thereafter he refused to enter the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, but became a member of the council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and of the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps Legislatif, where his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice on the state of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was frequently useful . He had a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the negotiations for the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

Concordat, but, according to Lucien Bonaparte, looked on that measure as " See also:

• ILL

ill-advised and See also:

• RETROGRADE (from the Lat. retro, backwards, gradiri, to go)

retrograde." His services in the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere were more important . At Mortfontaine, his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, he concluded with the See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy of the See also:

• UNITED

United States a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention which bears that name (1800) . He also presided over the negotiations which led to the treaty of See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 9, 18or); and he and See also:

• MARET

Maret represented France in the lengthy discussions with the See also:

• BRITISH

British envoy, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis, which resulted in the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the treaty of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens (March 25, 18oz) . This diplomatic See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph in its turn led to the consolidation of Napoleon's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul for life (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1, 1802) with the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in the selection of his successor . On this question the brothers disagreed . As neither Joseph nor Napoleon had a male See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, the eldest brother, whose ideas of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture were very strict, claimed to be recognized as heir, while Napoleon wished to recognize the son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Bonaparte . On the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the French empire (May 1804) the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction became acute . Napoleon offered to make Joseph See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy if he would waive all claim of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the French See also:

• THRONE

throne, but met with a firm refusal . Meanwhile Joseph had striven earnestly, but in vain, to avert a rupture with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, which came about in May 1803 . In 1805 he acted as chief of the French government while Napoleon was campaigning in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Early in 18o6 he proceeded to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples with a French force in order to expel the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty from See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Napoleon adding the promise that the Neapolitan See also:

• CROWN

crown would be for Joseph if he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose to accept it .

The conquest of the mainland was speedily effected, though See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta, Reggio and the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of Scylla held out for some months . The Bourbon court retired to See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, where it had the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a British force . By the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the 3oth of March 18o6 Napoleon proclaimed Joseph king of Naples, but allowed him to keep intact his claims to the throne of France . In several letters he enjoined his brother to greater firmness in his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration: " These peoples in Italy, and in general all nations, if they do not find their masters, are disposed to See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion and See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny." The See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Miot de Melito, whom Joseph appointed minister of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, show how great were the difficulties with which the new monarch had to contend—an almost bankrupt See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, a fickle and degraded populace, Bourbon intrigues and plots, and frequent attacks by the British from Sicily . General See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart's victory at See also:

• MAIDA

Maida (See also:

• JULY

July 3) shook Joseph's throne to its See also:

• BASE

base; but the surrender of Gaeta soon enabled See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena to march southwards and subdue See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria . During his brief reign at Naples, Joseph effected many improvements; he abolished the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism, reformed the monastic orders, reorganized the judicial, See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial and educational systems, and initiated several public See also:

• WORKS

works . In everything he showed his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to carry out the aims which he expressed to his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort in April 18o6: " See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice demands that I should make this See also:

• PEOPLE

people as happy as the See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of war will permit." From these well-meant, but not alway§ successful, efforts he was suddenly called away by Napoleon to take the crown of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (May 18o8) . There his difficulties were far greater . Despite the benevolent intentions announced to the Spaniards in his proclamation dated See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne, 23rd of June 18o8, all reconciliation between them and the French was impossible after Napoleon's treatment of their de facto king, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII . For the varying fortunes of King Joseph in Spain and in the eventful years of the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular War, see SPAIN and PENINSULAR WAR . His See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty was little more than titular . Compelled to leave See also:

• MADRID

Madrid hastily in August 18o8, owing to the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish success at Baylen, he was reinstated by Napoleon at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• YEAR

year; and he was thereafter kept in a subordinate position which led him on four occasions to offer to abdicate .

The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor took no notice of these offers, and ordered him to govern with more See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . Between February and May 1810 the emperor placed the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern provinces under the command of French generals as military districts, virtually IV . 7193 See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of Joseph's authority . Again the king protested, but in vain . As his trusted adviser, Miot de Melito, observed in his memoirs, Joseph tried to be constitutional king of Spain, whereas after the experience of the years 1808–1809 he could only succeed in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula by becoming " the mere See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of a military power." " Bearing a title which was only an oppressive See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, the king had in reality ceased to exist as a monarch, and barely retained some semblance of authority over a small part of the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as a general . Reduced by the exhausted state of his treasury to the last extremity he at length seriously thought of departure." Joseph took this step in April 1811, and proceeded to Paris in order to extort better terms, or offer his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication; but he had to return with a monthly See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of 5o0,00o francs and the promise that the army of the centre (the smallest of the five French armies) should be under his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . See also:

• LATE

Late in that year Napoleon united See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia to France . See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington's victory at See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca (July 22, 1812) compelled Joseph to leave his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital; and despite the retirement of the British in the autumn of that year, Joseph's authority never fully recovered from that See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow . The end of his nominal See also:

• RULE

rule came in the next year, when Wellington utterly overthrew the chief French army, commanded by King Joseph and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COUNT (1762-1833)

Jourdan, at See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria (June 21, 1813) . The king fled from Spain, was disgraced by Napoleon, and received the order to retire incognito to Mortfontaine . The emperor wrote to the minister of war (July rr, 1813) :—" His [Joseph's] behaviour has never ceased bringing misfortune upon my army; it is time to make an end of it." Napoleon was equally dissatisfied with his brother's conduct as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general of France, while he himself was conducting the campaign of 1814 in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of France . On the 3oth of March, Joseph empowered See also:

• MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)

Marmont to make a truce with the assailants of Paris if they should be in overpowering strength .

On the surrender of the capital Joseph at once retired . The part which he played during the Hundred Days (1815) was also insignificant . It is See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange that, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon should have urged him to inspirit the Chamber of Deputies with a view to a See also:

• NATIONAL

national resistance (Lettres nouvelles de Napoleon) . In point of fact Joseph did little beyond seeking to further the emperor's plans of escape to See also:

• AMERICA

America . After the surrender of his brother to the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of H.M.S . "See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon" at See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort, Joseph went to the United States . Settling in See also:

• BORDENTOWN

Bordentown, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, he adopted the title of See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Survilliers, and sought to promote plans for the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue of his brother from St See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena . In 1830 he pleaded, but unsuccessfully, for the recognition of the claims of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• REICHSTADT, NAPOLEON FRANCIS JOSEPH CHARLES

Reichstadt (king . of Rome) to the French throne . He afterwards visited England, and for a time resided at Genoa and Florence . In the latter See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle of his See also:

• RACE

race, he died on the 28th of July 1844 . In See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person he somewhat resembled Napoleon, but utterly lacked his strength and energy . He was fitted for an embassy or judgeship, but was too mild, supine and luxurious for the tasks thrust upon him by his brother .

Yet his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence and memoirs prove that he retained for Napoleon warm feelings of See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . Of the many works dealing with Joseph Bonaparte we may cite Baron A. du Casse, Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire du roi Joseph (to vols., Paris, 1854), and See also:

• LES

Les Rois freres de Napoleon (1883); J . S . C . See also:

• ABBOTT
• ABBOTT, EMMA (1849-1891)
• ABBOTT, JACOB (1803-1879)
• ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877)
• ABBOTT, LYMAN (1835- )

Abbott, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Joseph Bonaparte (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1869); G . See also:

• BERTIN

Bertin, Joseph Bonaparte in America; Joseph Bonaparte See also:

• JUGE, BOFFILLE DE (d. 1502)

juge par ses contemporains (anon.) ; the Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito (See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, edited by General Fleischmann, 2 vols., 1881); R . M . See also:

• JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (1803–1862)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849-1888)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804-1871)
• JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587-1641)
• JOHNSTON, J
• JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
• JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- )

Johnston, The See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy (2 vols., with an excellent bibliography, London, 19o4); Correspondence of Napoleon with Joseph Bonaparte (2 vols., New York, 1856) ; Baron A. du Casse, Histoire See also:

• DES

des . traites de Mortfontaine, de Luneville et d'Amiens, &c . (1855–1857); F . Masson, Napoleon et sa See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine (4 vols., Paris, 1889–1900) . II . LuCIEN (1775–1840), See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Canino, was born at Ajaccio on the 2 ist of May 1775 .

He followed his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brothers to the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of Autun and Brienne . At that time he 2 . Lucien wished to enter the French army, but, being debarred by defective sight, was destined for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and with this aim in view went to the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary at Aix in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence (1786) . His excitable and volatile disposition agreed ill with the II discipline of the place, and on the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 he eagerly espoused the democratic and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-clerical mos,ement then sweeping over France . On returning to Corsica he became the leading See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker in the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club at Ajaccio . Pushing even Napoleon to more decided See also:

• ACTION

action, Lucien urged his brothers to break with See also:

• PAOLI, CESARE (1840-1902)
• PAOLI, PASQUALE (1725-1807)

Paoli, the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the more conservative party, which sought to ally itself with England as against the See also:

• REGICIDE (Lat. rex, a king, and caedere, to kill)

regicide republic of France . He headed a Corsican deputation which went to France in order to denounce Paoli and to solicit aid for the democrats; but, on the Paolists gaining the upper hand, the Bonapartes left the island and joined Lucien at See also:

• TOULON

Toulon . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France he worked hard for the Jacobinical cause, and figured as " See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus " in the Jacobin club of the small town of St Maximin (then renamed See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon) . There on the 4th of May 1794 he married Mlle See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• BOYER, ALEXIS (1757-1833)
• BOYER, JEAN PIERRE (1776-1850)

Boyer, though he was a See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor and had not the consent of his family—an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act which brought him into a state almost approaching disgrace and penury . The coup d'etat of See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor (July 28, 1794) compelled the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre hurriedly to leave St Maximin, and to accept a small See also:

• POST

post at St Chamans . There he was arrested and imprisoned for a time until Napoleon's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence procured his release, and further gained for him a post 'as commissioner in the French army campaigning in Germany . Lucien soon conceived a dislike for a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty which opened up no vista for his powers of See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory and political intrigue, and repaired to Corsica .

In the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of being elected a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of the island, he refused an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment offered by Napoleon in the army of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 1798 . His hopes were fulfilled, and in 1798 he entered the Council of Five Hundred at Paris . There his vivacious eloquence brought him into prominence, and he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of that See also:

• BODY

body on the eventful See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the 19th of Brumaire (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November ro) 1799, when Napoleon overthrew the national See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of France at the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of St See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud . The refusal of Lucien to put the See also:

• VOTE

vote of See also:

• OUTLAWRY

outlawry, for which the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the council clamoured, his opportune closing of the sitting, and his See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the soldiers outside to disperse les representants du poignard, turned the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale in favour of his brother . By a strange See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony this event, the chief event of Lucien's life, was fatal to the cause of See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy of which he had been the most eager exponent . In one of his earlier letters to his brother Joseph, Lucien stated that he had detected in Napoleon " an ambition not altogether egotistic but which surpassed his love for the general weal; . . . in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-revolution he would try to ride on the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of events." Napoleon having by his help triumphed over parliamentary institutions in France, Lucien's suspicion of his brother became a dominant feeling; and the relations between them became strained during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the consulate (1799-1804) . He accepted See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as minister of the interior, but was soon deprived of it owing to political and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences with the First Consul . In order to soften the blow, Napoleon appointed him See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the court of Madrid (November 1800) . There again Lucien displeased his brother . France and Spain were then about to See also:

• PARTITION

partition See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, and the Spanish forces were beginning to invade that See also:

• LAND

land, when the court of See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon succeeded, owing (it is said) to the See also:

• FREE

free use of bribes, in inducing See also:

• GODOY, ALVAREZ DE FARIA, RIOS SANCHEZ Y ZARZOSA, MANUEL DE (1767-1851)

Godoy, the Spanish minister, and Lucien Bonaparte to sign the preliminaries of peace on the 6th of June i8o1 at See also:

• BADAJOZ
• BADAJOZ (formerly sometimes written Badajos)

Badajoz . The First Consul, finding his plans of seizing Lisbon frustrated, remonstrated with his brother, who thereupon resigned his post, and returned to Paris, there taking part in the opposition which the Tribunate offered to some of Napoleon's schemes .

Lucien's next proceeding completed the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the two brothers . His wife had died in 'Soo; he became enamoured of a Mme Jouberthou in the early summer of 1802, made her his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, and finally, despite the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of the First Consul, secretly married her at his residence of Plessis (on See also:

• OCTOBER

October 23, 1803) . At that time Napoleon was pressing Lucien for important reasons of state to marry the widow of the king of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria, and on See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of his brother's action he ordered him to leave French territory . Lucien departed for Italy with his wife and See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son, after annoying Napoleon by bestowing on her publicly thename of Bonaparte . He also charged Joseph never to try to reconcile Napoleon to him . For some years he lived in Italy, chiefly at Rome, showing marked hostility to the emperor . In December 1807 the latter sought to come to an arrangement by which Lucien would take his place a