See also:

• KARLSTADT

KARLSTADT See also:

• KARLSTADT CARLSTADT

CARLSTADT  Or KAROLOSTADT (1480–1541), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German reformer, whose real name was Andreas See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf Bodenstein, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT

Carlstadt in Bohemia . He entered the university of See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• TERM

term of 1499–1500, and remained there till 1503, when he went to See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . In the winter term of 1504–1505 he transferred himself to the newly founded university of See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, where he soon established his reputation as a teacher of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and a zealous See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the scholastic See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas, against the revised See also:

• NOMINALISM (from Lat. nomen, name)

nominalism associated with the name of See also:

• OCCAM, WILLIAM OF (d. c. 1349)

Occam . In 1508 he was made See also:

• CANON

canon of the Allerheiligenstift, a collegiate See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church incorporated in the university; and in 1510 he became See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon, his duties being to preach, to say See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass once a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week and to lecture before the. university; in 1513 he was appointed See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of theology . In 1515 he went to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where with a view to becoming See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of the Allerheiligenstift he studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, taking his degree as doctor See also:

• JURIS

juris utriusque . His experiences in the papal See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city produced upon him the same effect as upon See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, and when in 1516 he returned to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany it was as an ardent opponent of the Thomist philosophy and as a champion of the Augustinian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• IMPOTENCE (Lat. impotentia, want of power)

impotence of the human will and salvation through Divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace alone . The 151 theses of Carlstadt, dated the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1516, discovered by Theodor Kolde (" Wittenberger Disputationsthesen " in Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte, xi. p . 448, &c.), prove that, so far from owing his See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of view to Luther's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, he was at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time actually in advance of Luther . The two reformers were, in fact, never See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends; though from the end of 1516 onwards the development of each was considerably influenced by the other . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1518, in reply to See also:

• ECK, JOHANN MAIER (1486-1543)

Eck's Obelisci, an attack on Luther's 95 theses, Carlstadt published a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of theses, maintaining the supremacy of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scriptures (which he regarded as verbally inspired) over ecclesiastical tradition and the authority of the fathers, and asserting the liability of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COUNCILS

councils to See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . Eck challenged him to a public disputation, in which Luther also took See also:

• PART

part, and which lasted from the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June to the 15th of See also:

• JULY

July 1519 . In this dialectical warfare Carlstadt was no match for Eck; but the dispute only served to confirm him in his revolt from the dominant theology, and in three violent polemical See also:

• TREATISES

treatises against Eck he proclaimed the doctrine of the exclusive operation of grace in the See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification of believers .

This attitude led him in 1520, by a logical development, to an open attack on all those ecclesiastical practices in which the doctrine of justification by See also:

• WORKS

works had become crystallized; e.g. indulgences and the abuse of holy See also:

• WATER

water and consecrated See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . At the same time he appeared as the first of See also:

• MODERN

modern biblical critics, denying the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic authorship of the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch and classing the Scriptures into three categories of different value in accordance with the degrees of certainty as to their traditional origin . He still, however, maintained the doctrine of verbal See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration, and attacked Luther for rejecting the See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James . In 1520 Carlstadt's name was included in the papal See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull ex-communicating Luther; after a momentary hesitation he decided to remain See also:

• FIRM

firm in his See also:

• PROTESTANT

protestant attitude, published an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope to a general See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and attacked the corruptions of the papacy itself in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on " the holiness of the pope " (Von papstlicher Heiligkeit, See also:

• OCTOBER

October 17th, 1520) . In May 1521 Carlstadt went to See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, on the invitation of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian II., to assist in the reform of the church; but his disposition was anything but conciliatory, and, though his influence is traceable in the royal law of the 26th of May 1521abolishing the See also:

• CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, he was forced, by the hostility of nobles and clerics alike, to leave after a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' stay . In June he was back in Wittenberg, busy with tracts on the Holy See also:

• SACRAMENT

Sacrament (he still believed in the corporeal presence) and against the celibacy of the clergy (de coelibatu) . Carlstadt has been unjustly accused of being responsible for the riots against the Mass fomented by the Augustinian friars and the students; as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, he did his best to keep the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, pending a decision by the elector of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and the authorities of the university, and it was not till See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day that he himself publicly communicated the laity under both See also:

• SPECIES

species . The next day he announced his engagement to a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family, See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna von Mochau . From this moment Carlstadt was accepted as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of Protestantism in Wittenberg; and, at his instance, auricular See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession, the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the See also:

• HOST

Host and the rules for See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting were abolished . On the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January he was married, in the presence of many of the university professors and city magistrates . A few days later the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the religious corporations was confiscated by the city and, after See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions had been assigned to their former members, was handed over to charitable See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . A pronouncement of Carlstadt's against pictures and images, supported by the See also:

• TOWN

town, also led to iconoclastic excesses .

The return of Luther See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, however, ended Carlstadt's supremacy . The elector See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise was strenuously opposed to any alteration in the traditional services, and at his command Luther restored communion in one See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and the elevation of the Host . Carlstadt himself, though still professor, was deprived of all influence in See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical affairs, and devoted himself entirely to theological See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, which led him ever nearer to the position of the mystics . He now denied the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for a clerical See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order at all, called himself " a new layman," doffed his ecclesiastical See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, and lived for a while as a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant with his wife's relations at Segrena . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of 1523, however, he went to Orlamunde, a living held by him with his canonry, and there in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church reformed the services according to his ideas, abolishing the Mass and even See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching against the necessity for sacraments at all . He still continued occasionally to lecture at Wittenberg and to fulminate against Luther's policy of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise . All this brought him into violent conflict with the elector, the university and Luther himself . His professorship and living were confiscated and, in September 1524, he went into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile with his wife and See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child . He was now exposed to See also:

• GREAT

great privations and hardships, but found opportunity for polemical See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, proclaiming for the first time his disbelief in the " Real Presence." He preached wherever he could gain a See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing, and visited See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth, See also:

• KITZINGEN

Kitzingen and See also:

• NORDLINGEN

Nordlingen, before he found a more permanent resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at Rothenburg on the Tauber . He was here when the Peasants' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and was sent as a delegate to See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason with the insurgents . His admonitions were unsuccessful, and he only succeeded in bringing himself under suspicion of being in part responsible for their excesses . When Rothenburg was taken by the See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of Anspach (28th June 1525) Carlstadt had to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly for his See also:

• LIFE

life .

His spirit was now broken, and from See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort he wrote to Luther humbly praying him to intercede for him with the elector . Luther agreed to do so, on receiving from Carlstadt a recantation of his heterodox views on tjle See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper, and as the result the latter was permitted to return to Wittenberg (1525) . He was not, however, allowed to lecture, and he lived as a peasant, first at Segrena and afterwards at Bergwitz, cultivating small properties, in which he had invested the remnant of his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, with such poor success that at the end of 1526 he had to eke out a living as a pedlar in the little town of Kemberg . This was endurable; but not so the demand presently made upon him to take up the cudgels against See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli and 0ecolampadius . Once more he revolted; to agree with " Dr See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's opinions on the sacrament " was as difficult as flying like a See also:

• BIRD

bird; he appealed to the elector to allow him to leave Saxony; but the elector's See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience was in Luther's keeping, and Carlstadt had to fly ignominiously in order to avoid imprisonment . He escaped to See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein, where in March 1529 he stayed with the Anabaptist Melchior See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann . Expelled by the authorities, he took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, where he remained till the beginning of 1530 under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a nobleman in sympathy with the Helvetic reformers . His preaching gave him great influence, but towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• YEAR

year persecution again sent him on his travels . He ultimately reached Zurich, where the recommendations of See also:

• BUCER (or BuTZER), MARTIN (1491-1551)

Bucer and See also:

• OECOLAMPADIUS, JOHN (1482-1531)

Oecolampadius secured him a friendly reception by Zwingli, who procured him employment . After Zwingli's See also:

• DEATH

death he remained in close intercourse with the Zurich preachers, who defended him against renewed attacks on Luther's part; and finally, in 1534, on See also:

• BULLINGER, HEINRICH (1504-1575)

Bullinger's recommendation, he was called to Basel as preacher at the church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and professor at the university . Here he remained till his death on the 24th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1541 . During these latter years Carlstadt's attitude became more moderate .

His championship of the town council against the theocratic claims of Antistes See also:

• MYCONIUS, FRIEDRICH (1490-1546)
• MYCONIUS, OSWALD (1488-1552)

Myconius and the ecclesiastical council, in the matter of the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the university, was perhaps in consonance with his earlier views on the relations of clergy and laity . He was, however, also instrumental in restoring the abolished doctorate of theology and other degrees; and, despatched on a See also:

• MISSION

mission to Strassburg in 1536, to take part in a discussion on a proposed compromise in the matter of the Lord's Supper between the theologians of Strassburg and Wittenberg, he displayed a conciliatory attitude which earned him the praise of Bucer . Carlstadt's See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical significance lies in the fact that he was one of the pioneers of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . But he was a thinker and dreamer rather than a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of affairs, and though he had the moral and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical courage to carry his principles to their logical conclusions (he was the first See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest to write against celibacy, and the first to take a wife), he lacked the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of mind and sturdy See also:

• COMMON

common sense that inspired Luther's policy of See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration for " the weaker brethren " and built up the Evangelical Church on a conservative basis . But though Carlstadt was on friendly terms, and corresponded with See also:

• MUNZER, THOMAS (c. 1489-1525)

Munzer and other See also:

• ANABAPTISTS (" re-baptizers," from Gr. apa and J3airri tt')

Anabaptists, he did not See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share their antinomian views, nor was he responsible for their excesses . His See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the relation of faith and " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good works " was practically that ex-pressed in articles XI. and XII. of the Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In reply to Luther's violent onslaught on him in his Wider See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die himmlischen See also:

• PRO

Pro pheten he issued from Rothenburg his Anzeig etlicher Hauptartikel christlicher Lehre, a compendious exposition of his views, in which he says: " Those who urge to good works do so, not that the conscience may be justified by works, but that their freedom may redound to See also:

• GOD

God's See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory and that their neighbours may be fired to praise God." See C . F . Jaeger, Andreas Bodenstein'von See also:

• KARLSTADT

Karlstadt (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1856) ; See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

Barge, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, vol. i . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1905) .