See also:

• CARNATYC, or KARNATAK (Kannada, Karnata, Karnatakadesa)

CARNATYC, or KARNATAK (Kannada, Karnata, Karnatakadesa)  , a name given by Europeans to a region of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, between the Eastern See also:

• GHATS, or GHAUTS (literally " the Landing Stairs " from the sea, or " Passes ")

Ghats and the Coromandel See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, in the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of See also:

• MADRAS

Madras . It is ultimately derived, according to See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Caldwell (See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar of the See also:

• DRAVIDIAN (Sanskrit Dravida)

Dravidian See also:

• LANGUAGES

Languages), from kar, " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black," and nadu, " See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country," i.e . " the black country," " a See also:

• TERM

term very suitable to designate the `black See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• SOIL

soil,' as it is called, of the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the Southern See also:

• DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan." Properly the name is, in fact, applicable only to the country of the See also:

• KANARESE

Kanarese extending between the Eastern and Western Ghats, over an irregular See also:

• AREA

area narrowing northwards, from See also:

• PALGHAT

Palghat in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to Bidar in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and including See also:

• MYSORE

Mysore . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the name to the country south of the Karnata was probably due to the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan conquerors who in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century over-threw the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• VIJAYANAGAR, or BIJANAGAR (" the city of victory ")

Vijayanagar, and who extended the name which they found used of the country north of the Ghats to that south of them . After this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain country of the south came to be called Karnata Payanghat, or " lowlands," as distinguished from Karnata See also:

• BALAGHAT (i.e. " above the ghats or passes," the highlands)

Balaghat, or " See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands." The misapplication of the name Carnatic was carried by the See also:

• BRITISH

British a step further than by the Mahommedans, it being confined by them to the country below the Ghats, Mysore not being included . Officially, however, this name is no longer applied, " the Carnatic " having become a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical term . Administratively the name Carnatic (or rather Karnatak) is now applied only to the Bombay portion of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Karnata, viz. the districts of See also:

• BELGAUM

Belgaum, See also:

• DHARWAR

Dharwar and See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur, See also:

• PART

part of North See also:

• KANARA, or CANARA

Kanara, and the native states of the Southern Mahratta agency and See also:

• KOLHAPUR

Kolhapur . The region generally known to Europeans as the Carnatic, though no longer a See also:

• POLITICAL

political or administrative See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, is of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance . It extended along the eastern coast about 600 m. in length, and from 5o to too M. in breadth . It was bounded on the north by the Guntur See also:

• CIRCAR

circar, and thence it stretched southward to Cape See also:

• COMORIN, CAPE

Comorin . It was divided into the Southern, Central and See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Carnatic . The region south of the See also:

• RIVER

river Coleroon, which passes the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• TRICHINOPOLY

Trichinopoly, was called the Southern Carnatic .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns of this division were See also:

• TANJORE

Tanjore, Trichinopoly, See also:

• MADURA
• MADURA (Dutch Madoera)

Madura, See also:

• TRANQUEBAR

Tranquebar, See also:

• NEGAPATAM

Negapatam and See also:

• TINNEVELLY

Tinnevelly . The Central Carnatic extended from the Coleroon river to the river See also:

• PENNAR, or PENNER

Pennar; its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns were Madras, See also:

• PONDICHERRY

Pondicherry, See also:

• ARCOT

Arcot, See also:

• VELLORE

Vellore, See also:

• CUDDALORE

Cuddalore, See also:

• PULICAT

Pulicat, See also:

• NELLORE

Nellore, &c . The Northern Carnatic extended from the river Pennar to the northern limit of the country; and the chief town was Ongole.1 The Carnatic, as above defined, comprehended within its limits the maritime provinces of Nellore, See also:

• CHINGLEPUT, or CHENGALPAT

Chingleput, South Arcot, Tanjore, Madura and Tinnevelly, besides the inland districts of North Arcot and Trichinopoly . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of this region consists chiefly of Brahmanical See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus, the Mahommedans being but thinly scattered over the country . The Brahmans See also:

• RENT

rent a great proportion of the See also:

• LAND

land, and also fill different offices in the collection of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . Throughout the country they appropriate to themselves a particular See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter in every town, generally the strongest part of it . Large temples and other public monuments of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization abound . The temples are commonly built in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a square area, and enclosed by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall 15 or 20 ft. high, which conceals them completely from the public view, as they are never raised above it . At the earliest period of which any records exist, the country known as the Carnatic was divided between the Pandya and Chola kingdoms, which with that of Chera or See also:

• KERALA, or CHERA

Kerala formed the three Tamil kingdoms of southern India . The Pandya kingdom practically coincided in extent with the districts of Madura and Tinnevelly; that of the Cholas extended along the Coromandel coast from Nellore to Pudukottai, being bounded on the north by the Pennar river and on the south by the Southern Vellaru . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the country was shared for centuries with these dynasties by numerous See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent or semi-independent chiefs, See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of whose perennial internecine conflicts is 1 As a geographical term, Carnatic is not now applied to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district north of Pennar . preserved in the multitudes of forts and fortresses the deserted ruins of which See also:

• CROWN

crown almost all the elevated points .

In spite, however, of this See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of the military classes for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war the Tamil civilization See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the country was of a high type . This was largely due to the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the country, famous in the earliest times as now for its See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries . Of this See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery Korkai (the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek KoXXct), now a See also:

• VILLAGE

village on the Tambraparni river in Tinnevelly, but once the Pandya See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, was the centre See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . In See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, owing to the silting up of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, its See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory had already decayed and the Pandya capital had been removed to Madura (Hist . Nat. vi. cap. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 26), famous later as a centre of Tamil literature . The Chola kingdom, which four centuries before See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ had been recognized as independent by the great Maurya See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• ASOKA

Asoka, had for its chief See also:

• PORT

port Kaviripaddinam at the mouth of the See also:

• CAUVERY, or KAVERI

Cauvery, every vestige of which is now buried in See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . For the first two centuries after Christ a large See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was carried on between the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and the Tamil kingdoms; but after See also:

• CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla's See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria in A.D . 215 this ceased, and with it all intercourse with See also:

• EUROPE

Europe for centuries . Henceforward, until the 9th century, the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the country is illustrated only by occasional and broken See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights . The 4th century saw the rise of the Pallava See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power,' which for some 400 years encroached on, without extinguishing, the Tamil kingdoms . When in A.D .

640 the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese traveller Hstian Tsang visited Kanchi (Conjevaram), the capital of the Pallava king, he learned that the kingdom of Chola (Chu-li-ya) embraced but a small territory, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild, and inhabited by a scanty and fierce population; in the Pandya kingdom (Malakuta), which was under Pallava See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty, literature was dead, See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism all but See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, while See also:

• HINDUISM

Hinduism and the naked Jain See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints divided the religious See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and the pearl fisheries continued to flourish . The power of the Pallava See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings was shaken by the victory of See also:

• VIKRAMADITYA

Vikramaditya See also:

• CHALUKYA

Chalukya in A.D . 740, and shattered by Aditya Chola at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 9th century . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time onward the inscriptional records are abundant . The Chola kingdom, which in the 9th century had been weak, now revived, its power culminating in the victories of Rajaraja the Great, who defeated the Chalukyas after a four years' war, and, about A.D . 994, forced the Pandya kings to become his tributaries . A magnificent See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at Tanjore, once his capital, preserves the records of his victories engraved upon its walls . His career of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest was continued by his son Rajendra Choladeva I., self-styled Gangaikonda owing to his victorious advance to the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges, who succeeded to the See also:

• THRONE

throne in A.D. ro18 . The ruins of the new capital which he built, called Gangaikonda Cholapuram, still stand in a desolate region of the Trichinopoly district . His successors continued the eternal See also:

• WARS

wars with the Chalukyas and other dynasties, and the Chola power continued in the ascendant until the See also:

• DEATH

death of Kulottunga Chola III. in 1278, when a disputed See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession caused its downfall and gave the Pandyas the opportunity of gaining for a few years the upper See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the south . In 1310, however, the Mahommedan invasion under Malik Kafur overwhelmed the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu states of southern India in a See also:

• COMMON

common ruin . Though crushed, however, they were not extinguished; a period of anarchy followed, the struggle between the Chola kings and the Mussulmans issuing in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment at Kanchi of a usurping Hindu See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty which ruled till the end of the 14th century, while in 1365 a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Pandyas succeeded in re-establishing itself in part of the kingdom of Madura, where it survived till 1623 .

At the beginning of the 15th century the whole country had come under the See also:

• RULE

rule of the kings of Vijayanagar; but in the anarchy 1 The Pallavas are supposed by some authorities to be identical with the Pahlavas (Parthians of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia), who, with the Sakas and Yavanas, settled in western India about A.D . 100 . Mr See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, however, who in the 1st edition (1904) of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early History of India maintained this view, says in the 2nd edition (1908, p . 423) that " See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research does not support this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis," and that " it seems more likely that the Pallavas were a tribe, See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan or See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste which was formed in the northern part of the existing Madras Presidency." The evidence points to their having been a See also:

• RACE

race distinct fromthe See also:

• TAMILS

Tamils.that followed the overthrow of the Vijayanagar empire by the Mussulmans in the 16th century, the Hindu viceroys (nayakkas) established in Madura, Tanjore and Kanchi made themselves independent, only in their turn to become tributary to the kings of See also:

• GOLCONDA

Golconda and Bijapur, who divided the Carnatic between them . Towards the close of the 17th century the country was reduced by the armies of See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, who in 1692 appointed Zulfikar See also:

• ALI

Ali See also:

• NAWAB

nawab of the Carnatic, with his seat at Arcot . Meanwhile, the Mahratta power had begun to develop; in 1677 See also:

• SIVAJI (1627—1680)

Sivaji had suppressed the last remnants of the Vijayanagar power in Vellore, Gingee and See also:

• KURNOOL, or KARNUL

Kurnool, while his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Ekoji, who in 1674 had overthrown the Nayakkas of Tanjore, established in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city a dynasty which lasted for a century . The collapse of the See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi power after the death of Aurangzeb produced further changes . The nawab Saadet-See also:

• ALLAH

allah of Arcot (1710-1732) established his See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; his successor Dost Ali (1732–1740) conquered and annexed Madura in 1736, and his successors were confirmed in their position as nawabs of the Carnatic by the See also:

• NIZAM

nizam of See also:

• HYDERABAD, HAIDARABAD
• HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD

Hyderabad after that potentate had established his power in southern India . After the death of the nawab Mahommed Anwar-ud-din (1744–1749), the succession was disputed between Mahommed Ali and Husein Dost . In this See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ENGLISH

English, then competing for See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the Carnatic, took opposite sides . The victory of the British established Mahommed Ali in power over part of the Carnatic till his death in 1795 . Meanwhile, however, the country had been exposed to other troubles .

In 1741 Madura, which the nawab Dost Ali (1732–1740) had added to his dominions in 1736, was conquered by the See also:

• MAHRATTAS

Mahrattas; and in 1743 Hyder Ali of Mysore overran and ravaged the central Carnatic . The latter was reconquered by the British, to whom Madura had fallen in 1758; and, finally, in 18o1 all the possessions of the nawab of the Carnatic were transferred to them by a treaty which stipulated that an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual revenue of several lakhs of pagodas should be reserved to the nawab, and that the British should undertake to support a sufficient See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military force for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the country and the collection of the revenue . On the death of the nawab in 1853 it was determined to put an end to the nominal See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty, a liberal establishment being provided for the See also:

• FAMILY

family . The southern Carnatic, when it came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the British, was occupied by military chieftains called poligars, who ruled over the country, and held lands by doubtful tenures . They were unquestionably a disorderly race; and the country, by their incessant feuds and plunderings, was one continued See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of strife and violence . Under British rule they were reduced to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and their forts and military establishments were destroyed . See INDIA: History . For the various applications of the name Carnatic see the Imperial Gazetteer of India (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1908), s.v.; for the results of the latest researches in the early history of the country see V . A . Smith, Eerly History of India (2nd ed., Oxford, 1908), and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• SEWELL, WILLIAM (1804-1874)

Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900) .