See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

ANDREW See also:

• CARNEGIE
• ANDREW CARNEGIE (1837– )

CARNEGIE (1837– )  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American "See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry " and benefactor, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in humble circumstances in See also:

• DUNFERMLINE (Gaelic, " the fort on the crooked linn ")
• DUNFERMLINE, ALEXANDER SETON, 1ST EARL OF
• DUNFERMLINE, JAMES ABERCROMBY, 1ST BARON (1776-'858)

Dunfermline, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, on the 25th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1837 . In 1848 his See also:

• FATHER

father, who had been a Chartist, emigrated to See also:

• AMERICA

America, settling in See also:

• ALLEGHENY

Allegheny See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania . The raw Scots ladstarted See also:

• WORK

work at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age as a bobbin-boy in a See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton factory, and a few years later was engaged as a See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph clerk and operator . His capacity was perceived by Mr T . A . See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott of the Pennsylvania railway, who employed him as a secretary; and in 1859, when Scott became See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COMPANY

company. he made See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the western See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• LINE

line . In this See also:

• POST

post he was responsible for several improvements in the service; and when the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War opened he accompanied Scott, then assistant secretary of war, to the front . The first See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the enormous See also:

• WEALTH

wealth he subsequently attained were his introduction of sleeping-cars for See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and his See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase (1864) of See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

Storey See also:

• FARM

Farm on Oil See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, where a large profit was secured from the oil-See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells . But this was only a preliminary to the success attending his development of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries at See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg . Foreseeing the extent to which the demand would grow in America for iron and steel, he started the See also:

• KEYSTONE

Keystone See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge See also:

• WORKS

works, built the See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson steel-See also:

• RAIL

rail See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill, bought out the See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• HOMESTEAD

Homestead steel works, and by 1888 had under his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control an extensive plant served by tributary See also:

• COAL

coal and iron See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, a railway 425 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, and a line of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake steamships . As years went by, the various Carnegie companies represented in this industry prospered to such an extent that in 1901, when they were incorporated in the See also:

• UNITED

United States Steel See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation, a See also:

• TRUST

trust organized by Mr J . Pierpont See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, and Mr Carnegie himself retired from business, he was bought out at a figure See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of approximately £ I oo,00o,000 .

From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time forward public See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was turned from the shrewd business capacity which had enabled him to accumulate such a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to utilizing it on philanthropic See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . His views on social subjects, and the responsibilities which See also:

• GREAT

great wealth involved, were already known in a See also:

• BOOK

book entitled Triumphant See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy, published in 1886, and in his See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of Wealth (1900) . He acquired Skibo See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, in See also:

• SUTHERLANDSHIRE

Sutherlandshire, Scotland, and made his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home partly there and partly in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York; and he devoted his See also:

• LIFE

life to the work of providing the capital for purposes of public See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and social and educational See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement . Among these the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries in the United States and United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom (and similarly in other See also:

• ENGLISH

English-speaking countries) was especially prominent, and " Carnegie libraries " gradually sprang up on all sides, his method being to build and equip, but only on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that the See also:

• LOCAL

local authority provided site and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance, and thus to secure local interest and responsibility . By the end of 1908 he had distributed over £Io,000,000 for See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding libraries alone . He gave £2,000,000 in 1901 to start the Carnegie See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute at Pittsburg, and the same amount (1902) to found the Carnegie Institution at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, and in both of these, and other, cases he added later to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original endowment . In Scotland he gave £2,000,000 in 19ot to establish a trust for providing funds for assisting See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the Scottish See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, a benefaction which resulted in his being elected See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews University . He was a large benefactor of the See also:

• TUSKEGEE

Tuskegee Institute under Booker Washington for See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro education . He also established large See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension funds—in not for his former employes at Homestead, and in 1905 for American See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college professors . His benefactions in the shape of buildings and endowments for education and See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research are too numerous for detailed enumeration, and are noted in this work under the headings of the various localities . But mention must also be made of his founding of Carnegie See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

Hero Fund commissions, in America (1904) and in the United Kingdom (1908), for the recognition of deeds of heroism; his contribution of £500,000 in 1903 for the erection of a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace at The See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, and of £150,000 for a See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-American See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace in Washington as a home for the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of American republics . In all his ideas he was dominated by an intense belief in the future and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the English-speaking See also:

• PEOPLE

people, in their democratic See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance for the purpose of peace and the abolition of war, and in the progress of education on unsectarian lines .

He was a powerful supporter of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for spelling reform, as a means of promoting the spread of the English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Mr Carnegie married in 1887 and had one daughter . Among other publications by him were An American Four-in-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (1883), See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round the See also:

• WORLD

World (1884), The See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire of Business (1902), a Life of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt (1905) and Problems of To-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (1908) .