CARNELIAN  , a red variety of See also:

• CHALCEDONY, or CALCEDONY (sometimes called by old writers cassidoine)

chalcedony, much used as an ornamental See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, especially for See also:

• SEALS

seals . The old name was cornelian, said to have been given in reference either to the horny See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the stone (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CORNU, MARIE

cornu, " See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn ") or to its resemblance in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to the See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry of the cornel; but the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original word was corrupted to carnelian, probably in allusion to its reddish colour (carneus, " flesh-coloured ") . Some carnelian, however, is See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, yellow or even See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . Certain kinds of brown and See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red chalcedony, much resembling carnelian, pass under the name of See also:

• SARD

sard (q.v.) . The See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew odem was probably a red stone, either carnelian, sard or See also:

• JASPER

jasper . All carnelian is translucent and is thus distinguished from jasper of similar colour, which is always opaque . The red colour of typical carnelian is due to the presence of ferric See also:

• OXIDE

oxide . This is often See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed artificially by exposure to See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine, or to artificial See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, whereby any ferric See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate in the stone becomes more or less dehydrated; or the stone is treated with a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, like ferrous sulphate, and then heated, when ferric oxide is formed in the pores of the stone . An opaque white See also:

• SURFACE

surface is sometimes produced artificially on a red carnelian: this is said to be done by coating the stone with carbonate of soda and then placing it on a red-hot iron; or by using a mixture of potash, white See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and certain See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable juices, and See also:

• HEATING

heating it on See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal . See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions and figures in white on red carnelian (" burnt carnelian ") are well known from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . Much carnelian comes from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, being mostly derived from See also:

• AGATE

agate-gravels, resulting from the disintegration of the See also:

• DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan traps, in the neighbourhood of Ratanpur, near See also:

• BROACH (Fr. broche, a pointed instrument, Med. Lat. brocca, cf. the Latin adjective brochus or broccus, projecting, used of teeth)
• BROACH, or BHARUCH

Broach . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of the carnelian now sold, however, is Brazilian agate, artificially stained .