LAZARE EIPPOLYTE

CARNOT (18ot-1888)  , French states-man, the second son of L . N . M . Carnot (q.v.), was born at Saint-Omer on the 6th of October 18oi . Hippolyte Carnot lived at first in exile with his father, returning to France only in 1823 . Unable then to enter active political life, he turned to literature and philosophy, publishing in 1828 a collection of Chants helleniques translated from the German of W . Muller, and in 1830 an Expose de la' doctrine Saint-Sinionienne, and collaborating in the Saint-Simonian journal Le Producteur . He also paid several visits to England and travelled in other countries of Europe . In March 1839, after the dissolution of the chamber by Louis Philippe, he was elected deputy for Paris (re-elected in 1842 and in 1846), and sat in the group of the Radical Left, being one of the leaders of the party hostile to Louis Philippe . On the 24th of February 1848 he pronounced in favour of the republic . Lanartine chase him as minister of education in the provisional government . Carnot set to work to organize the primary school systems, proposing a law for obligatory and free primary instruction, and another for the secondary education of girls .

But he declared himself against purely

secular schools, holding that " the minister and the schoolmaster are the two columns on which rests the edifice of the republic." By this attitude he alienated both- the Right and the Republicans of the Extreme Left, and wasforced to resign on the 5th of July 1848 . He was one of those who protested against the coup d'etat of the 2nd of December 1851, but was not proscribed by Louis Napoleon . He refused to sit in the Corps Legislatif until 1864, in order not to have to take the oath` to the emperor . From 1864 to 1860 he was in the republican opposition, taking a very active part . He was defeated at the election of 1869 . On the 8th of February 1871 he was named deputy for the Seine et Oise, and participated in the drawing up' of the' t'ontitutitial Laws of 1875 . On the 16th of December. g875, he was named by the National Assembly senator for life . He died on the 16th of March 1888, three months after the election of his elder son, M . F . S . Carnot (q.v.), to the presidency of the republic . He had published Le Ministere de l'instruclion puhlique et des cultes du 24' fevrier au 5e juillet 1848., (1849), Memoires sur Lavine Carnot (2 vols., 1861-1864), Memoires da Barire (with David Angers, 4 vols., 1842-1843) .

His second sign,•

Marie Adoiphe Carnot (b . 1839), became a distinguished mining-engineer and director of the Pcole des Mines (1899), his studies in analytical chemistry placing him in the front rank of French scientists . He was made a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1895 . See Vexmore7, Les Regimes de 2848 (3rd ed., 1869) ; E . Spuller, Histoire parlementaire de la Seconde Republique (1891); P. de, la Gorse, Histoire du Second Empire (1894 et seq.) .