See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS SADI See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• MARIE FRANCOIS SADI CARNOT (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

CARNOT (1837-1894)  , See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the third See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, son of L . Hippolyte See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges on the 11th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1837 . He was educated as a See also:

• CIVIL

civil engineer, and after having highly distinguished himself at the Fcole Polytechnique and the Fcole See also:

• DES

des Ponts et Chaussees, obtained an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the public service . His hereditary republicanism recommended him to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, by which he was entrusted in 187o with the task of organizing resistance in the departments of the See also:

• EURE

Eure, See also:

• CALVADOS

Calvados and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine Inferieure, and made See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the last named in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1871 . In the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month he was elected to the National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly by the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department Cote d'Or . In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public See also:

• WORKS

works . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 188o he became minister, and again' in See also:

• APRIL

April 1885, passing almost immediately to the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, which he held under both the See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry and the See also:

• FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- )
• FREYCINET, LOUIS CLAUDE DESAULSES DE (1779-1842)

Freycinet administrations until See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1886 . When the See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of See also:

• GREVY, FRANCOIS PAUL JULES (1813-1891)

Grevy in December 1887, Carnet's high See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character for integrity marked him out as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency, and he obtained the support of See also:

• CLEMENCEAU, GEORGES (1841– )

Clemenceau and of all those who objected to the candidatures of men who have been more active in the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827 . He assumed See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office at a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BOULANGER
• BOULANGER, GEORGE ERNEST JEAN MARIE (1837-1891)

Boulanger . President Carnet's ostensible See also:

• PART

part during this agitation was mainly confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for the presidency and the republic . When See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to President Carnot's See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot to appear at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state on two occasions of especial See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the celebration of the See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary of 1789 and the opening of the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition of that See also:

• YEAR

year . The perfect success of both was regarded, not unreasonably, as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Semitism, Carnot had but one serious crisis to surmount, the See also:

• PANAMA

Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of the state, increased the respect See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word .

Carnot seemed to be arriving at the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of popularity, when on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1894, after delivering at a public banquet at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons a speech in which he appeared to imply that he nevertheless would not seek re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, he was stabbed by an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian anarchist named Caserio and expired almost immediately . The horror and grief excited by this tragedy were boundless, and the president was honoured with a splendid funeral in the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon, Paris . His son, See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS CARNOT, was first elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for the Cote d'Or in 1902 . See E . Zevort, Histoire de la Troisieme Republique, tome iv., " La Presidence de Carnot " (Paris, 1901) .