SADI See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS LEONHARD See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD CARNOT (1796-1832)

CARNOT (1796-1832)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French physicist, See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son of L . N . M . See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1796 . He was admitted to the hcole Polytechnique in 1812, and See also:

• LATE

late in 1814 he See also:

• LEFT

left with a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers and with prospects of rapid See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement in his profession . But See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo and the Restoration led to a second and final proscription of his See also:

• FATHER

father; and though not himself cashiered, Sadi was purposely told off for the merest drudgeries of his service . Disgusted with an employment which afforded him neither leisure for See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• WORK

work nor opportunities for acquiring scientific instruction, he presented himself in 1819 at the examination for See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps (etat-See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major) and obtained a lieutenancy . He then devoted himself with astonishing ardour to See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, technology and even See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy . He was an enthusiast in See also:

• MUSIC

music and other See also:

• FINE

fine arts; and he habitually practised as an amusement, while deeply studying in theory, all sorts of athletic See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports, including See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming and See also:

• FENCING

fencing . He became See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the Engineers in 1827, but left the service altogether in the following See also:

• YEAR

year . His naturally feeble constitution, further weakened by excessive study, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down finally in 1832 . An attack of scarlatina led to See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and he had scarcely recovered when he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a victim to See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, of which he died in Paris on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1832 .

He was one of the most original and profound thinkers who have ever devoted them-selves to See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The only work he published was his Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du See also:

• FEU

feu et sur See also:

• LES

les See also:

• MACHINES

machines propres a developper See also:

• CETTE

cette puissance (Paris, 1824) . This contains but a fragment of his scientific discoveries, but it is sufficient to put, him in the very foremost See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, though its full value 'was not recognized until pointed out by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907)

Kelvin in 1848 and 1849 . Fortunately his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts had been preserved, and extracts were appended to a reprint of his Puissance motrice by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, L . H . Carnot, in 1878 . These show that he had not only realized for himself the true nature of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, but had noted down for trial many of the best See also:

• MODERN

modern methods of finding its See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, such as those of J . P . See also:

• JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT (1818–1889)

Joule with the perforated See also:

• PISTON (through Fr. from Ital. pistone or pestone, a great pestle, from Late Lat. pistare, to pound, a frequentative form of classical Lat. pinsere)

piston and with the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction of See also:

• WATER

water and See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury . Lord Kelvin's experiment with a current of See also:

• GAS

gas forced through a porous plug is also given . " Carnot's principle " is fundamental in the theory of See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

thermodynamics (q.v.) .