CARRIAGE  , a See also:

• TERM

term which in its widest signification is used, as its derivation permits, for any See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of " carrying "; thus, a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person's " carriage " is still spoken of in the sense of the way he bears himself . But it is more specifically the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general term for all vehicular structures employed for the purposes of trans-See also:

• PORT

port of merchandise and movable goods and of human beings . Such vehicles are generally mounted on wheels, but the sledge and the See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter are types of the exception to this See also:

• RULE

rule . Within this See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition a vast variety of forms is included, ranging from the coster's See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

barrow and See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• FARM

farm-See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart up to the luxuriously appointed sleeping-cars of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state carriages of royal personages . A narrower application, however, limits the term to such vehicles as are used for the See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance of persons and are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by horses, and it is with carriages in this restricted sense that we are here concerned . Tramcars, railway carriages and motor-cars are dealt with in other articles . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—A wheeled carriage appears to have been in very general use in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, called a See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car or See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot (q.v.); in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible the word is usually translated " chariot." The bodies of these chariots were small, usually containing only two persons See also:

• STANDING

standing upright . They were very See also:

• LIGHT

light, and could be driven at See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed . They were narrow, and therefore suitable to Eastern cities, in which the streets were very narrow, and to mountainous roads, which were often only 4 ft. wide . From Egypt the use of chariots spread into other countries, and they were used in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers on the great plains of See also:

• ASIA

Asia . We read of the 900 chariots of Jabin, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan; how See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David took 700 chariots from the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and Iwo from the king of Zobah . See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon had 1400 chariots, and his merchants supplied See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Syria and the surrounding countries with chariots brought out of Egypt at 600 shekels (about £5o) apiece .

From the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient sculptures preserved from See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh and See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, some of which are in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, we observe the use of chariots continued for the purpose of See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting as well as for war . See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer describes the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief warriors on both sides at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy as going into See also:

• BATTLE

battle and fighting from their chariots . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman nation as it increased in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power adopted the car, though chiefly for purposes of show and state . A beautiful See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of one of these still exists at the Vatican in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome: a copy of it and the horses See also:

• DRAWING

drawing it is in the museum at See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington . The war chariots used by the Persians were larger; the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea seems to have been to form a sort of See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret upon the car, from which several warriors might shoot or throw their spears . These chariots were provided with curved See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades projecting from the See also:

• AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

axle-trees . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, invading Asia was met upon the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• INDUS

Indus by King See also:

• PORUS (4th century B.C.)

Porus, in whose See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army were a number of elephants and also several thousand chariots . On Alexander's return from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India towards See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, he travelled in a chariot drawn by eight horses, followed by an innumerable number of others covered with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich carpets and See also:

• PURPLE

purple coverlets . After Alexander's See also:

• DEATH

death a funeral car was prepared to convey his See also:

• BODY

body from Babylon to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria in Egypt, and this car has perhaps never been excelled in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-See also:

• BUILDING

building . It was designed by the celebrated architect Hieronymus, and took two years to build . It was 18 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 12 ft. wide, on four massive wheels, and drawn by sixty-four mules, eight abreast . The car was composed of a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform, with a lofty roof, supported by eighteen columns, and was profusely adorned with drapery, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and jewels; See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the edge of the roof was a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• GOLDEN

golden bells; in the centre was a See also:

• THRONE

throne, and before it the See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin; around were placed the weapons of war and the See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour that Alexander had used .

The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans established the use of carriages as a private means of conveyance, and with them carriages attained great variety of form as well as richness of ornamentation . In all times the employment of carriages depended greatly on the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the roads over which they had to be driven, and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good roads, such as the See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian Way, constructed 331 B.C., and others, greatly facilitated the development of carriage travelling among the Romans . In Rome itself, and probably also in other large towns, it was necessary to restrict travelling in carriages to a few persons of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, owing to the narrowness and crowded state of the streets . For the same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the transport of goods along the streets was forbidden between sunrise and sunset . For long journeys and to convey large parties the reda and carruca appear to have been mostly used, but what their construction and arrangements-were is not known . During the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the carriage which appears in representations of public ceremonials is the carpentum . It is very slight, with two wheels, sometimes covered, and generally drawn by two horses . If a carriage had four horses they were yoked abreast, among the Greeks and Romans, not in two pairs as now . From the carruca are traced' the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• EUROPEAN

European names,—the See also:

• ENGLISH

English carriage, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French carrosse and the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian carrozza . The See also:

• SIR

sir See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea was a very ancient form of vehicle, the body of which was of See also:

• OSIER (through Fr. from Late Lat. osaria, auxaria, a bundle of osier or willow twigs)

osier See also:

• BASKET

basket-See also:

• WORK

work . It originated with the Gauls, by whom it was named benna, and by them it was employed for the conveyance of persons and goods in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and baggage during war . With its name are connected the modern French banne, banneton, vannerie and panier,—all indicating basket-work .

The ancient Britons used a car for warlike purposes which was evidently new to the Romans . It was open in front, instead of at the back as in their cars; and the See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole, which went straight out between the horses, was broad, so that the See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver could walk along, and if needful drive from the end . Above all, it possessed a seat, and was called essedum from this peculiarity . For war purposes this car was provided with scythes projecting from the ends of the axle-trees . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to a friend in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, remarks " that there appeared to be very little See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth bringing away from Britain except the chariots, of which he wished his friend to bring him one as a See also:

• PATTERN

pattern." The Roman vehicles were sometimes very splendidly ornamented with gold and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones; and covered carriages seem more and more to have become appendages of Roman pomp and magnificence . Sumptuary See also:

• LAWS

laws were enacted on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the public extravagance, but they were little regarded, and were altogether abrogated by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Alexander See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus . Suetonius states that See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero took with him on his travels no less than a thousand carriages . On the introduction of the feudal See also:

• SYSTEM

system the use of carriages was for some time prohibited, as tending to render the vassals less See also:

• FIT

fit for military service . Men of all grades and professions rode on horses or mules, and sometimes the monks and See also:

• WOMEN

women on she-asses . Horseback was the general mode of travelling; and hence the members of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, who at the See also:

• DIET

diet and on other occasions were employed as ambassadors, were called Rittmeister . In this manner also great lords made their public entry into cities . Covered carriages (see COACH) were known in the beginning of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but their use was confined to ladies of the first rank; and as it was accounted a reproach for men to ride in them, the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors and princes sometimes excused their non-attendance at meetings of the state by the plea that their See also:

• HEALTH

health would not permit them to ride on horseback .

Covered carriages were for a long time forbidden even to women; but about the end of the 15th century they began to be employed by the emperor, kings and princes in journeys, and afterwards on state occasions . In 1474 the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III. visited See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort in a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close carriage, and again in the following See also:

• YEAR

year in a verymagnificent covered carriage . Shortly afterwards carriages began to be splendidly decorated; that, for instance, of the electress of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg at the See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament held at See also:

• RUPPIN

Ruppin in 1 509 was gilded all over, and that of the duchess of See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg was hung with red satin . When See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Dietric'hstein made his entrance into See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1611, See also:

• FORTY

forty carriages went to meet him; and in the same year the See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of the emperor See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias made her public entrance on her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in a carriage covered with perfumed See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . The See also:

• WEDDING

wedding carriage of the first wife of the emperor See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold, who was a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish princess, cost, together with the See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness, 38,000 florins . Those of the emperor are thus described: " In the imperial coaches no great magnificence was to be seen; they were covered over with red See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black nails . The harness was black, and In the whole work there was no gold . The panels were of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, and on this account they were called the imperial glass coaches . On festivals the harness was ornamented with red See also:

• SILK

silk fringes . The imperial coaches were distinguished only by their having leather traces; but the ladies in the imperial See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite were obliged to be contented with carriages the traces of which were made of See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes." At the magnificent See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Ernest See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus at See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, in 1681, there were fifty gilt coaches with six horses each . The first time that ambassadors appeared in coaches on a public solemnity was at the imperial See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission held at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt in 1613 . Soon after this time coaches became See also:

• COMMON

common all over See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, not-withstanding various orders and admonitions to deter vassals from using them .

These vehicles appear to have been of very rude construction . See also:

• BECKMANN, JOHANN (1739–1811)

Beckmann describes a view he had seen of See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, painted by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LANDWEHR

Landwehr in 1661, in which was represented a long quadrangular carriage, apparently not suspended by straps, and covered with a See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy supported by four pillars, but without curtains . In the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side was a small See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, and in front a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low seat or See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box; the coachman sat upon the horses; and the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the persons within proved them to be burgomasters . At See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in the 14th, 15th and even 16th centuries, the French monarchs rode commonly on horses, the servants of the court on mules, and the princesses and See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ladies sometimes on asses . Persons even of the highest rank sometimes sat behind their See also:

• EQUERRY (from the Fr. ecuric, a stable, through its older form escurie, from the Med. Lat. scuria, a word of Teutonic origin for a stable or shed, cf. Ger. Scheuer; the modern spelling has con-fused the word with the Lat. equus, a horse)

equerry on the same See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . Carriages, however, were used at a very early period in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; for there is still extant an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair, issued in 1294, by which citizens' wives are prohibited from using them . It appears, however, that about 155o there were only three carriages at Paris,—one belonging to the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, another to See also:

• DIANA

Diana of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, and the third to Rene de See also:

• LAVAL
• LAVAL, ANDRE DE, SEIGNEUR DE LOHEAC (c. 1408-1485)

Laval, a very corpulent nobleman who was unable to ride on horseback . The coaches used in the time of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. were not suspended by straps (an improvement referred to the time of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV.), though they were provided with a canopy supported by four ornamental pillars, and with curtains of stuff or leather . Occasional allusion is made to the use of some kinds of vehicles in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . In The Squyr of Low Degree, a poem of a period anterior to See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, a description of a sumptuous carriage occurs: " To-morrow ye shall on hunting fare And ride, my daughter, in a chare . It shall be See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover'd with See also:

• VELVET

velvet red, And cloth of See also:

• FINE

fine gold all about your See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, With See also:

• DAMASK

damask See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• AZURE (derived, through the Romance languages, from the Arabic al-lazward, for the precious stone lapis lazuli, the initial 1 having dropped)

azure See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue Well See also:

• DIAPER (derived through the Fr. from the Gr. &&, through, and a rirpos, white; the derivation from the town of Ypres, " d'Ypres," in Belgium is unhistorical, as diapers were known for centuries before its existence)

diaper'd with lilies new." Chaucer himself describes a chare as " With gold wrought and pierrie." When See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. of England, towards the end of the 14th century, was obliged to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly before his rebellious subjects, he and all his followers were on horseback, while his See also:

• MOTHER

mother alone used a carriage . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest carriages used in England were known as See also:

• CHARES

chares, cars, chariots, caroches and whirlicotes; but these became less fashionable when See also:

• ANN

Ann, the wife of Richard Il., showed the English ladies how gracefully she could ride on the side-See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, See also:

• STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

Stow, in his Survey of See also:

• LONDON

London, remarking, " so was See also:

• RIDING

riding in those whirlicotes and chariots forsaken except at coronations and such like See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles." There were curious sumptuary laws enacted during the 16th century in various Italian cities against the excessive use of silk, velvet, See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery and See also:

• GILDING

gilding, on the coverings of coaches and the trappings of horses .

In 1564 See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius IV. exhorted the cardinals and bishops not to ride in coaches, according to the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the times, but to leave such things to women, and themselves ride on horseback . The use of coaches in Germany in the 16th century was not less common than in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . The current of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, especially from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, had for a long time poured into those two countries towards See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, enriching all the cities in its progress . See also:

• MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736–1796)
• MACPHERSON, SIR DAVID LEWIS (1818–1896)

Macpherson, in his History of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce, says that See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp possessed 50o coaches in 1560 . France and England appear to have been behind the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at this period . The first coach in England was made in 1555 for the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland by See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Rippon, who also made a coach in 1556 for Queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, and in 1564 a state coach for Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . That one of the carriages used by Queen Elizabeth could be opened and closed at See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure may be inferred from her causing at See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick during one of her progresses—" every See also:

• PART

part and side of her coach to be opened that all her subjects See also:

• PRESENT

present might behold her, which most gladly they desired." Coaches of the type now properly so-called were first known in England about the year 1580, and were introduced, according to Stow, from Germany by Henry Fitzalan, 12th earl of See also:

• ARUNDEL
• ARUNDEL, EARLDOM OF
• ARUNDEL, EARLS OF
• ARUNDEL, THOMAS (1353-1414)

Arundel . By the beginning of the 17th century the use of coaches had become so prevalent in England that in 16oi the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament was drawn to the subject, and a See also:

• BILL

bill " to restrain the excessive use of coaches " was introduced, which, however, was rejected on the second See also:

• READING

reading . Their use told severely on the occupation of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames watermen, and See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor the poet and waterman complained bitterly both in See also:

• PROSE

prose and See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse against the new-fangled practice: " Carroaches, coaches, jades, and See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders mares Doe rob us of our shares, our wares, our fares . Against the ground we stand and knock our heels Whilest all our profit runs away on wheeles." The sneers of wits and watermen notwithstanding, coaches became so common, that in the early part of the 17th century they were estimated to number more than 6000 in London and its surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . We now arrive gradually at the modern conception of carriage-building . No trace of glass windows or See also:

• COMPLETE

complete doors for coaches seems to have existed up to 1650 .

But See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and rude as was the first coach of Louis XIV., it was in his reign, which lasted till 1715, that the most rapid progress was made . The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for this is equally due to Germany, Italy, France and England . There is very little mention made by historians of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel springs, but they were first applied to See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel carriages about 1670, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to which bodies were suspended by long straps from the four corners to pillars erected upon the under carriage . The great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the introduction of springs was speedily recognized as reducing vibration, enabling carriages to be built much lighter and lessening the See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught for the horses . In the See also:

• DIARY

diary of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys there are many amusing and interesting references to the See also:

• ART

art of coach-building, which was beginning to attract much attention at that period . In the French Encyclopedia (1772) by See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot there are elaborate descriptions of the art of coach-building, the workshops and tools used, and plates of the different carriages in use . The 18th century is remarkable for the rapid development which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, more especially in the manufacture of state carriages of a sumptuous and ornate See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, which were largely in demand by the various courts of Europe . One of the most beautiful of these is that belonging to the imperial See also:

• FAMILY

family of Vienna, which was built in 1696, and is shaped with all the curves that are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to us in cabinets and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture of the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of Louis XIV . The panels are beautifully painted with See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs in the style of See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens . There is an unusual quantity of See also:

• PLATE

plate glass in the panels, and on the centre of the roof is a large imperial See also:

• CROWN

crown . In 1757 was built the elaborate state coach of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London. and in 1761 the royal state coach of England, built for King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III . (see COACH) .

During the reigns of George II. and George III. all English manufactures had received an immense impulse from the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of the men of the time, in which they were much encouraged by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the Society of Arts in offering See also:

• MONEY

money prizes for improvements; and in these coach-builders largely participated . In the year 1804 See also:

• OBADIAH

Obadiah Elliot patented his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for See also:

• HANGING

hanging vehicles upon elliptical springs, thus dispensing with the heavy See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch and See also:

• CROSS

cross beds, invariably used in four-wheeled carriages up to that time . Elliot was rewarded by the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of a gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal by the Society of Arts, and extensive orders for the carriages of a lighter character, which he was thus enabled to produce . Of carriages much in fashion and characteristic of this period may be mentioned the " See also:

• CURRICLE (Lat. curriculum, a small car)

curricle," a cabriolet (see below) on two wheels, driven with a pair of horses, the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance being secured by an ornamental See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar across the horses' backs, connected by a leather See also:

• BRACE (through the Fr. from the plural of the Lat. bracchium, the arm)
• BRACE, CHARLES LORING (1826-189o)
• BRACE, JULIA (1806-1884)

brace to a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring under the pole . For lack of perfect safety this was gradually superseded by the " See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman's cabriolet," for one horse, on C springs, fitted with folding leather See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood and platform behind, on which stood a youthful See also:

• TRIM

trim servant in See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top-boots, popularly termed a " See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger." To produce this satisfactorily, the best coach-building See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent was required, and to work it a horse of exceptional strength and breeding was needful, but when complete this equipage had a distinction never surpassed . During this period the pair-horse " See also:

• MAIL

mail phaeton " was introduced, and has enjoyed a long period of popularity . As a travelling carriage with the needful appointments the " See also:

• BRITZSKA, or BRITSKA (from the Polish bryczka; a diminutive of bryka, a goods-wagon)

britzska," having a straight body with See also:

• OGEE (probably an English corruption of Fr. ogive, a diagonal groin rib, being a moulding commonly employed; equivalents in other languages are Lat. cyma-reversa, Ital. gola, Fr. cymaise, Ger. Kehlleisten)

ogee curves at front and back, with single folding hood, and hung on C springs, was a distinctive and popular feature among carriages of the period from 1824 until after 1840 . Of two-wheeled vehicles the " See also:

• STANHOPE, EARLS
• STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY (1776-1839)

stanhope " and " tilbury " gigs, the " See also:

• DOG

dog cart " and " tandem cart," came into use during these years, and have afforded facilities of agreeable locomotion to many thousands of See also:

• PEOPLE

people at a moderate cost . But the greatest improvement of this period was the introduction of the " See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

brougham." Several attempts had been made to arrive at a light carriage of this description, but it was not until 1839 that a carriage was produced to a See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design adopted by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Brougham, and called after him . The " See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

victoria " was known as a carriage for public hire in See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental cities for several years before being adopted as a fashionable carriage by the wealthy classes . In 1869 the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales brought one from Paris of the See also:

• CAB (shortened about 1825 from the Fr. cabriolet, derived from cabriole, implying a bounding motion)

cab shape, and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild brought one from Vienna of the square shape, examples speedily followed . In various elegant and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic forms, either as an elliptic or C spring, it has since become a most popular and convenient carriage .

Public carriages for hire, or See also:

• HACKNEY
• HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenee, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English " hack " is simply an abbreviation)

hackney (q.v.j coaches, were first established in London in 1625 . In 1635 the number was restricted to fifty . Still they increased, notwithstanding the opposition of the court and king, who thought they would break up the roads, till in 165o there were as many as 300 . In Paris they were introduced during the minority of Louis XIV. by See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Sauvage, who lived in the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MA