See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES CARRINGTON

CARRINGTON  . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• WYNN, SIR JOHN (1553-1627)

WYNN-CARINGTON, 1ST See also:

• EARL

EARL (1843- ), See also:

• ENGLISH

English statesman, son of the 2nd See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• CARRINGTON, CHARLES

Carrington (d . 1868), was educated at See also:

• ETON

Eton and Trinity, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, and sat in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons as a Liberal for High See also:

• WYCOMBE (officially CHEPPING WYCOMBE, also CHIPPING or HIGH WYCOMBE)

Wycombe from 1865 till he succeeded to the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title in 1868 . He was See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of New See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales 1885-189o, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord chamber-lain 1892-1895, and became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture in 1905, having a seat in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet in See also:

• SIR

Sir H . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell-Bannerman's and Mr See also:

• ASQUITH, HERBERT HENRY (1852– )

Asquith's ministries . He was created Earl Carrington and See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• WENDOVER

Wendover in 1895 . The Carrington See also:

• BARONY

barony was conferred in 1796 on Robert See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (1752-1838), M.P. for See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham, a member of a famous banking See also:

• FAMILY

family, the title being suggested by one held from 1643 to 1706 in another family of Smith in no way connected . The 2nd baron married as his second wife one of the two daughters of Lord See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby de Eresby, and their son, through her, became in 1879 See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint hereditary lord See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The 2nd Baron took the surname of Carrington, afterwards altered to Carington, instead of Smith . 'CARRINGTON, See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

CHRISTOPHER (1826-1875), English astronomer, son of a See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

brewer at See also:

• BRENTFORD

Brentford, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 26th of May 1826 . Though intended for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, his studies and tastes inclined him to See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, and with a view to gaining experience in the routine of an See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory he accepted the See also:

• POST

post of observer in the university of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham . Finding, however, that there was little See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of obtaining See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments suitable for the See also:

• WORK

work which he wished to undertake, he resigned that See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment and established in 1853 an observatory of his own at Redhill .

Here he devoted three years to a survey of the See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of the heavens within 9 degrees of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole, the results of which are contained in his Redhill See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of 3735 Stars . But his name is chiefly perpetuated through his investigation of the motions of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-spots, by which he determined the elements of the sun's rotation and made • the important See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a systematic See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of the photosphere, causing the rotation-periods of spots to lengthen with increase of See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude . He died on the 27th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1875, For further See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information see See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

Month . Notices See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Astr . Society, xiv . 13, xviii . 23, 109, xix . 140, 161, See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 137; See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs Roy . Astr..See also:

• SOC

Soc., See also:

• XXVII

xxvii.139 ; The Times, Nov . 22 • and Dec .

7, 1875; Roy . Society's See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat . Seient . Papers, vols. i. and vii.; Introductions to See also:

• WORKS

Works . CARROCCIO; a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by oxen, used by the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval republics of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It was a rectangular See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform on which' the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar were erected; priests held services on the altar before the See also:

• BATTLE

battle, and the trumpeters beside them encouraged the fighters to the fray . In battle the carroccio was surrounded by the bravest warriors in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and it served both as a rallying-point and es the See also:

• PALLADIUM (Gr. sraXXit&ov)
• PALLADIUM [symbol Pd, atomic weight Io6.7 (O=16)]

palladium of the city's See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour; its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the enemy was regarded as an irretrievable'defeat and humiliation . It was first employed by the Milanese in 1038, and played a great See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• WARS

wars of the Lombard' See also:

• LEAGUE

league against the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa . It was afterwards adopted by other Cities, and first appears on .a Florentine battlefield in 1228 . The Florentine carroccio was usually followed by a smaller See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car bearing the martinella, a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell to See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring out military signals . When war was regarded as likely the martinella was attached to the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the church of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria in the Mercato Nuovo in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and See also:

• RUNG

rung to warn both citizens and enemies . In times of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace the carroccio was in the keeping of some great family which had distinguished itself by See also:

• SIGNAL

signal services to the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic .

Accounts of the carroccio will be found in most histories of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian republics; see for instance, M . See also:

• VILLANI, GIOVANNI (c. 1245-1348)

Villani's Chronache, vi . 5 (Florence, 1825–1826) ; P . See also:

• VILLARI, PASQUALE (1827- )

Villari, The Two First Centuries of Florentine See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. i . (Engl. transl., London, 1894) ; Gino See also:

• CAPPONI, GINO, MARQUIS (1792-1876)
• CAPPONI, PIERO (1447-1496)

Capponi, Storia Bella Repubblica di Firenze, vol. i . (Florence, 1875) .