See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA  , a seaport of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• MURCIA

Murcia; in 370 36' N. and o° 58' W., at the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch railway from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Murcia, and on the Mediterranean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . Pop . (1900) 99,871 . See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena is fortified, and possesses an See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards . Together with See also:

• FERROL [El Ferrol]

Ferrol and See also:

• SAN

San Fernando near See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, the other See also:

• GREAT

great naval stations of Spain, it is governed by an See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . It has also an episcopal see . The city stands on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill separated by a little See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain from theharbour; towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east it communicates with a fertile valley; on the south and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west it is hemmed in by high mountains . Its See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey houses have a neglected, almost a dilapidated See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, from the friable See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of which they are constructed; and there are no buildings of antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest or striking architectural beauty, except, perhaps, the ruined citadel and the remnants of the See also:

• TOWN

town walls . The wide streets are traversed by a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of tramways, which pass through See also:

• MODERN

modern suburbs to the See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• DISTRICT

district about two leagues inland, and on the west a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal enables small vessels to enter the town without using the See also:

• PORT

port . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, the largest in Spain after that of See also:

• VIGO

Vigo, and the finest: on the east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, , is a spacious See also:

• BAY

bay, deep, except near its centre, where there is a ledge of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock barely ft. under See also:

• WATER

water, It is dominated, on the seaward See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, by four hills, and approached by a narrow entrance, with forts on either See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; a See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater affords shelter on the east, and on the west is the Arsenal See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin, often regarded,as the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original harbour, of the Carthaginians and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island called La Escom-, brera, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Scombraria (i.e . " See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery "), 21 M. south,; protects Cartagena from the violence, of See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and waves .

The mines near the city are very productive, and thousands of men and beasts areemployed in transporting See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• ZINC

zinc and See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur to the coast . ,The See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and commercial progress of Cartagena was much hindered, during the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, by the prevalence of epidemic diseases, the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of the arsenal; and rivalry with the neighbouring port of See also:

• ALICANTE

Alicante . Its sanitary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, though still defective, was improved by the drainage of the adjacent Almajar See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh; and after 187o, • when the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population had dwindled to about 26,000, Cartagena advanced rapidly in See also:

• SIZE

size and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, The . opening of the railway enabled it to compete successfully with Alicante, and revived the mining and metallurgical See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, while considerable sums were expended on bringing the coast and See also:

• LAND

land defences up to date, and adding new quays, docks and other harbour See also:

• WORKS

works . As a naval station, Cartagena suffered severely in 1898 from the maritime disasters of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish-See also:

• AMERICAN

American, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War; and its See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was much affected when, at the beginning of the.same See also:

• YEAR

year, Porman, or Portman, a mining See also:

• VILLAGE

village on a well-sheltered bay about 11 m. east, was declared by royal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent port . Vessels go to Porman to land See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke and See also:

• COAL

coal, and to. load iron ore and lead . From Cartagena the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports are metallic ores, See also:

• ESPARTO, or SPANISH GRASS

esparto grass, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, cereals and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . Esparto grass, which grows freely in the vicinity, is the spartum, or Spanish See also:

• BROOM

broom, which gave the town its See also:

• ROMAN

Roman designation of Carthago Spartaria . It is still used locally for making shoes, See also:

• SHIPS

ships' cables, mats and a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of spun See also:

• CLOTH

cloth . See also:

• TIMBER

Timber is largely imported from the See also:

• UNITED

United States, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; coal from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; dried codfish from See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland . In 1904, exclusive of coasters and small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft trading with north-west See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, 662 ships of 604,208 tons entered the port of Cartagena, 259 being See also:

• BRITISH

British and 15o Spanish; while 90 vessels were accommodated at Porman . Cartagena was founded about the year 243 B.C. by the Carthaginian See also:

• HASDRUBAL

Hasdrubal, and was called Carthago Nova or New See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, to distinguish it from the See also:

• AFRICAN

African city of Carthage . It was conveniently situated opposite to the Carthaginian territory in Africa, and was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early noted for its harbour .

Its See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold mines were the source of great wealth both to the Carthaginians and to the Romans . In 210 B.C. this important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the headquarters and treasure city of the Punic See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, was stormed and taken with great slaughter by P . Scipio . The city continued to flourish under the Romans, who made it a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, with the name Colonia Victrix Julia Nova Carthago . In A.U . 425 it was pillaged and nearly destroyed by the Goths . Cartagena was a bishopric from about 400 to 1289, when the see was removed to Murcia . Under the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors it became an independent principality, which wasdestroyed by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile in 1243, restored by the Moors, and finally conquered by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon in 1276 . It was rebuilt by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Spain (1527-1598) for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of its harbour . In 1585 it was sacked by an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• FLEET

fleet under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake . In 17o6,rin the War of the Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession, ' it was occupied by Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake; and in the next year it was retaken by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick . On the 5th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1823 it capitulated to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French .

In consequence of the insurrection in Spain, Cartagena was in 1844 again the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of warfare . On the 23rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1873 it was bombarded by the Spanish fleet under Admiral Lobos; on the 1th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October a See also:

• BATTLE

battle took place off the town, between the ships of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the rebels, and on the 12th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1874 Cartagena was occupied by the government troops . See Biblioteca historica de Cartagena, by G . Vicent y Portillo (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1889, &c.); Fechos y fechas de Cartagena, by I . Martinez Rito (Cartagena, 1894) ; and Serie de los obispos de Cartagena, by P . See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz Casson (Madrid, 1895) .