CARTESIANISM  . Bi8L10GRAPHY -I .

Editions and Translations.--The collected works of Descartes were published in Latin in 8 vols. at Amsterdam (1670-1683), in 7 vols. at Frankfort (16971 and in 9 vols. byElzevir Germany . (1713) ; in French in 13 vols . (Paris, 1724-1729), republished by Victor Cousin (Paris, 1824-1826) in I1 vols., and again under the authority of the minister of public instruction by C . Adam and P . Tannery (1897 foil.) . Theseinclude his so-called posthumous works . The Rules for the Direction of the Mind, The Search for Truth by the Light of Nature, and other unimportant fragments, published (in Latin) in 1701 . In 1859-186o Foucher de Careil published in two parts some unedited writings of Descartes from copies taken by Leibnitz from the original .papers . Six editions of the Opera philosophica appeared at Amsterdam between 165o and 1678; a two-volume edition at Leipzig in 1843; there are also French editions, CEuvres philosophiques, by A . Garnier, 3 vols .

(1834-1835), and L . Aime-

Martin (1838) and CEuvres morales et philosophiques by Aime-Martin with an introduction on life and works by Amedee Prevost (Paris, 1855); CEuvres choisies (185o) by Jules Simon . A complete French edition of the collected works was begun in the Romance Library (1907 foil.) . German translations by J . H. von Kirchmann under the title Philosophische Werke (with biography, &c., Berlin, 1868; and ed , 1882-1891), by Kuno Fischer, Die Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung seiner Philosophic (1863), with introduction by Ludwig Fischer (1892) . There are also numerous editions and translations of separate works, especially the Method, in French, German, Italian, Spanish and Hungarian . There are English translations by J . Veitch, Method, Meditations and Selections from the Principles (1850-1853; 11th ed., 1897; New York, 1899); by H . A . P . Torrey (New York, 1892) . II .

Biographical.—A . Baillet, La Vie de M . Des Cartes (Paris, 1691; Eng. trans., 1692), exhaustive but uncritical; notices in the editions of Garnier and Aime-Martin; A . Hoffmann, Rene Descartes (1905); Elizabeth S . Haldane, Descartes, his Life and Times (1905), containing full bibliography; A . Barbier, Rene Descartes, sa famille, son lieu de naissance, &c . (1901); Richard Lowndes, Rene Descartes, his Life and Meditations (London, 1878) ; J . P . Mahaffy, Descartes (1902), with an appendix on Descartes's mathematical work by Frederick Purser; Victor de Swarte, Descartes directeur spirituel (Paris, 1904), correspondence with the Princess Palatine; C . J . Jeannel, Descartes et la princesse palatine (Paris, 1869) ; Lettres de M . Descartes, ed .

Claude Clerselier (1657) . A useful sketch of recent biographies is to be found in The Edinburgh Review (July 1906) . IV . Science and Mathematics.—F . Cajori, History of Mathematics (London, 1894) ; M . Cantor, Vorlesungen fiber die Geschichte der Mathematik (Leipzig, 1894-1901); Sir Michael Foster, Hist. of Physiol. during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1901); Duboux, La Physique de Descartes (Lausanne, 1881); G, H . Zeuthen, Geschichte der Mathematik im 16. and 17 . Jahrhundert (1903) ; Chasles,Aperqu historique sur 1'origine et le diveloppement des methodes en geometrie (3rd ed., 1889) . (W .