CARTESIANISM  . Bi8L10GRAPHY -I . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions and See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

Translations.--The collected See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes were published in Latin in 8 vols. at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam (1670-1683), in 7 vols. at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort (16971 and in 9 vols. byElzevir See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . (1713) ; in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 13 vols . (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1724-1729), republished by See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin (Paris, 1824-1826) in I1 vols., and again under the authority of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public instruction by C . See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and P . Tannery (1897 See also:

• FOIL

foil.) . Theseinclude his so-called See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous works . The Rules for the Direction of the Mind, The See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

Search for Truth by the See also:

• LIGHT

Light of Nature, and other unimportant fragments, published (in Latin) in 1701 . In 1859-186o Foucher de Careil published in two parts some unedited writings of Descartes from copies taken by See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original .papers . Six editions of the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera philosophica appeared at Amsterdam between 165o and 1678; a two-See also:

• VOLUME

volume edition at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1843; there are also French editions, CEuvres philosophiques, by A . See also:

• GARNIER, CLEMENT JOSEPH (1813–1881)
• GARNIER, GERMAIN, MARQUIS (1754-1821)
• GARNIER, JEAN LOUIS CHARLES (1825-1898)
• GARNIER, MARIE JOSEPH FRANCOIS [FRANCIS] (1839–1873)
• GARNIER, ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600)

Garnier, 3 vols .

(1834-1835), and L . Aime-See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin (1838) and CEuvres morales et philosophiques by Aime-Martin with an introduction on See also:

• LIFE

life and works by Amedee See also:

• PREVOST, ANTOINE FRANCOIS (1697–1763)
• PREVOST, CONSTANT (1787-1856)
• PREVOST, EUGENE MARCEL (1862- )
• PREVOST, PIERRE (1751-1839)

Prevost (Paris, 1855); CEuvres choisies (185o) by Jules See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete French edition of the collected works was begun in the See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance Library (1907 foil.) . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German translations by J . H. von Kirchmann under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Philosophische Werke (with See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, &c., See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1868; and ed , 1882-1891), by Kuno See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung seiner Philosophic (1863), with introduction by See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Fischer (1892) . There are also numerous editions and translations of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate works, especially the Method, in French, German, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Hungarian . There are See also:

• ENGLISH

English translations by J . See also:

• VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894)

Veitch, Method, Meditations and Selections from the Principles (1850-1853; 11th ed., 1897; New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1899); by H . A . P . See also:

• TORREY, JOHN (1796—1873)

Torrey (New York, 1892) . II .

See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical.—A . See also:

• BAILLET, ADRIEN (1649-1706)

Baillet, La See also:

• VIE

Vie de M . See also:

• DES

Des Cartes (Paris, 1691; Eng. trans., 1692), exhaustive but uncritical; notices in the editions of Garnier and Aime-Martin; A . See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann, Rene Descartes (1905); See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth S . See also:

• HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER (1768–1851)
• HALDANE, RICHARD BURDON (1856– )
• HALDANE, ROBERT (1764–1842)

Haldane, Descartes, his Life and Times (1905), containing full bibliography; A . See also:

• BARBIER, ANTOINE ALEXANDRE (1765–1825)
• BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE (1805-1882)
• BARBIER, LOUIS

Barbier, Rene Descartes, sa famille, son lieu de naissance, &c . (1901); See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• LOWNDES, THOMAS (1692-1748)
• LOWNDES, WILLIAM THOMAS (1798-1843)

Lowndes, Rene Descartes, his Life and Meditations (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1878) ; J . P . See also:

• MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND (1839- )

Mahaffy, Descartes (1902), with an appendix on Descartes's mathematical See also:

• WORK

work by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• PURSER

Purser; Victor de Swarte, Descartes directeur spirituel (Paris, 1904), See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with the Princess See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine; C . J . Jeannel, Descartes et la princesse palatine (Paris, 1869) ; Lettres de M . Descartes, ed .

See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude Clerselier (1657) . A useful See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies is to be found in The See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• JULY

July 1906) . IV . See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

Mathematics.—F . Cajori, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mathematics (London, 1894) ; M . Cantor, Vorlesungen fiber die Geschichte der Mathematik (Leipzig, 1894-1901); See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster, Hist. of Physiol. during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1901); Duboux, La Physique de Descartes (See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne, 1881); G, H . Zeuthen, Geschichte der Mathematik See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 16. and 17 . Jahrhundert (1903) ; See also:

• CHASLES, VICTOR EUPHEMIEN PHILARETE (1798-1873)

Chasles,Aperqu historique sur 1'origine et le diveloppement des methodes en geometrie (3rd ed., 1889) . (W .