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Thou, and the Catholic convert Philippe Canaye, sieur du Fresne, aided him by presents of books and encouragement, and endeavoured to get him invited, in some capacity, to France . This was effected in 1596, in which See also:

YEAR

year Casaubon accepted an invitation to the university of See also:

MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of conseiller du roi and professeur stipendie aux langues et bonnes lettres .

In Montpellier he never took See also:

root . He held the professor-See also:

SHIP

ship there only three years, with several prolonged absences . The hopes raised by his brilliant reception were disappointed; he was badly treated by the authorities, by whom his salary was only paid very irregularly, and, finally, not at all . He was not, at any See also:

time, insensible to the attractions of teaching, and his lectures at Montpellier were followed not only by the students, but by men of mature See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and position . But the love of know-ledge was gradually growing upon him, and he began to perceive that editing Greek books was an employment more congenial to his See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers than teaching . At Geneva he had first tried his See also:

hand on some notes on See also:

DIOGENES

Diogenes Laertius, on See also:

THEOCRITUS

Theocritus and the New Testament, the last undertaken at his father's See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request . His debut as an editor had been a complete See also:

STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (1587), of which he was so ashamed afterwards that he apologized for its crudity to Scaliger, calling it " a See also:

MISCARRIAGE

miscarriage." This was followed by the text of See also:

POLYAENUS

Polyaenus, an editio princeps, 1589; a text of See also:

Aristotle, 1590; and a few notes contributed to Estienne's See also:

EDITIONS

editions of See also:

Dionysius oi See also:

HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus and See also:

Pliny's Epistolae . It is not till we come to his edition of See also:

THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus's Characteres (1592), that we have a specimen of that peculiar See also:

style of illustrative commentary, at once apposite and profuse, which distinguishes Casaubon among annotators . At the time of his removal to Montpellier he was engaged upon what is the See also:

capital See also:

WORK

work of his life, his edition of, and commentary on, See also:

ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus . In 1598 we find Casaubon at See also:

Lyons, superintending the passage of his Athenaeus through the See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, for which he had been unable to find facilities at Montpellier . Here he lived in the house of Meric de Vicq, surintend See also:

ant de la See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, a Catholic, but a See also:

man of acquirements, whose connexions were with the circle of liberal Catholics in See also:

Paris . In the See also:

SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of De Vicq Casaubon made a flying visit to Paris, and was presented to Henry IV .

The See also:

king was very gracious, and said something about employing Casaubon's services in the " restoration " of the fallen university of Paris . Full of See also:

hope he returned to Montpellier . In January 1599, he received a See also:

SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to repair to Paris . But the terms of the letter missive were so vague that, though it See also:

BORE

bore the sign See also:

MANUAL

manual, Casaubon hesitated to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act upon it . However, he resigned his See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair at Montpellier, but instead of hastening to Paris, he lingered more than a year at Lyons, in De Vicq's house, where he hoped to meet the king, who was expected to visit the See also:

south . Nothing more was heard about the professorship, but instead he was summoned by De Vicq, who was then in Paris, to come to him in all haste on an affair of importance . The business proved to be the See also:

FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau See also:

CONFERENCE

Conference . Casaubon allowed himself to be persuaded to sit as one of the referees who were to adjudicate on the See also:

CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge sent to Du Plessis See also:

MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549-1623)

Mornay by See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

DUPERRON, JACQUES DAVY (1556–1618)

Duperron . By so doing he placed himself in a false position, as Scaliger said: " Non debebat Casaubon interesse colloquio Plessiaeano; erat asinus inter simias, doctus inter imperitos (Scaligerana 2") . The issue was so contrived that the Protestant party could not but be pronounced to be in the wrong . By concurring in the decision, which was unfavourable to Du Plessis Mornay, Casaubon See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent the See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige of his name to a See also:

court whose See also:

VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict would without him have been worthless, and confirmed the suspicions already current among the Reformed churches that, like his friend and See also:

PATRON

patron, Canaye du Fresne, he was meditating See also:

ABJURATION (from Lat. abjurare, to forswear)

abjuration . From this time forward he became the See also:

OBJECT

object of the hopes and fears of the two religious parties; the Catholics lavishing promises, and plying him with arguments; the Reformed ministers insinuating that he was preparing to forsake a losing cause, and only higgling about his See also:

price .

We now know enough of Casaubon's See also:

MENTAL

mental See also:

HISTORY

history to know how erroneous were these computations of his motives . But, at the time, it was not possible for the immediate parties to the See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversy to understand the intermediate position between Genevan See also:

CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin-ism and See also:

ULTRAMONTANISM (Lat. ultra, beyond, monies, the mountains)

Ultramontanism to which Casaubon's reading of the fathers had conducted him . Meantime the efforts of De Thou and the liberal Catholics to retain him in Paris were successful . The king repeated his invitation to Casaubon to See also:

settle in the capital, and assigned him a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . No more was said about the university . The See also:

RECENT

recent reform of the university of Paris had closed its doors to all but Catholics; and though the chairs of the College de France were not governed by the statutes of the `university, public See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion ran so violently against See also:

HERESY

heresy, that Henry IV. dared not appoint a Calvinist to a chair, even if he had desired to do so . But it was designed that Casaubon should succeed to the See also:

POST

post of sub-librarian of the royal library when it should become vacant, and a patent of the reversion was made out in his favour . In See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1604, See also:

JEAN

Jean Gosselin died in extreme old age; and Casaubon succeeded him as sub-librarian, with a salary of 400 livres in addition to his pension . In Paris Casaubon remained till 1610 . These ten years were the brightest See also:

period of his life . He had attained the reputation of being, after Scaliger, the most learned man of the age,—an age in which learning formed the See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

standard of See also:

LITERARY

literary merit . He was placed above penury, though not in easy circumstances .

He had such facilities for religious See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship as a Huguenot could have, though he had to go out of the city to Hablon, and after-wards to Charenton, for them . He enjoyed the society of men of learning, or of men who took an interest in learned publications . He had the best opportunities of seeing men of letters from See also:

FOREIGN

foreign countries as they passed through Paris . Above all, he had ample facilities for using Greek books, both printed and in MS., the want of which he had See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt painfully at Geneva and Montpellier, and which no other See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place but Paris could at that period have supplied . In spite of all these advantages we find Casaubon restless, and ever framing schemes for leavingParis,and settling elsewhere . It was known that he was open to offers, and offers came to him from various quarters, from See also:

Nimes, from See also:

HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, from See also:

SEDAN

Sedan . His See also:

friends Lect and Giovanni See also:

DIODATI, GIOVANNI (1576-1649)

Diodati wished, rather than hoped, to get him back to Geneva . The causes of Casaubon's discomfort in Paris were various, but the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal source of uneasiness See also:

lay in his See also:

religion . The life of any Huguenot in Paris was hardly secure at that time, for it was doubtful if the See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police of the city was strong enough to protect them against any sudden uprising of the fanatical See also:

mob, always ready to re-enact the St Bartholomew . But Casaubon was exposed to persecution of another sort . Ever since the Fontainebleau Conference an impression prevailed that he was wavering . It was known that he rejected the outre See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-popery opinions current in the Reformed churches; that he read the fathers, and wished for a See also:

church after the See also:

PATTERN

pattern of the See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive ages .

He was given to understand that he could have a professorship only by recantation . When it was found that he could not be bought, he was plied by controversy . Henry IV., who liked Casaubon personally, made a point of getting him to follow his own ex-ample . By the king's orders Duperron was untiring in his efforts to convert him . Casaubon's knowledge of the fathers was that of a scholar, Duperron's that of an adroit polemist; and the scholar was driven to admit that the polemist was often too hard for him . These encounters mostly took place in the king's library, over which the cardinal, in his capacity of aumonier, exercised some See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of authority; and it was therefore impossible for Casaubon to avoid them . On the other hand, the Huguenot theologians, and especially See also:

PIERRE

Pierre du See also:

MOULIN (Fr. moulin, a mill)

Moulin, See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief pastor of the church of Paris, accused him of conceding too much, and of having departed already from the lines of strict Calvinistic orthodoxy . When the assassination of Henry IV. gave full See also:

REIN

rein to the Ultramontane party at court, the obsessions of Duperron became more importunate, and even menacing . It was now that Casaubon began to listen to overtures which had been faintly made before, from the bishops and the.court of See also:

England . In See also:

OCTOBER

October 1610 he came to England in the suite of the See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, See also:

Lord Wotton of Marley (See also:

BROTHER

brother of Casaubon'searlyfriend), an See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official invitation having been sent him by Richard See also:

Bancroft, See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

Canterbury . He had the most flattering reception from See also:

James I., who was perpetually sending for him to discuss theological matters . The English bishops were equally delighted to find that the great French scholar was an See also:

ANGLICAN

Anglican ready made, who had arrived, by See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent study of the Fathers, at the very via See also:

MEDIA

media between See also:

PURITANISM (Lat. puritas, purity)

Puritanism and Romanism, which was becoming the See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion in the English Church .

Casaubon, though a layman, was collated to a prebendal See also:

STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall in Canter-See also:

bury, and a pension of £300 a year was assigned him from the See also:

EXCHEQUER

exchequer . Nor were these merely See also:

paper figures . When See also:

Sir See also:

JULIUS

Julius See also:

Caesar made a difficulty about See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment, James sent a See also:

note in his own hand: " Chanceler of my excheker, I will have Mr Casaubon paid before me, my wife, and my See also:

barnes." He still retained his appointments in France, and his See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as librarian . He had obtained leave of See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence for a visit to England, where his permanent See also:

settlement was not contemplated . In See also:

order to retain their hold upon him, the See also:

government of the See also:

queen See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent refused to allow his library to be sent over . It required a See also:

SPECIAL

special request from James himself to get leave for Madame Casaubon to bring him a See also:

PART

part of his most necessary books . Casaubon continued to speak of himself as the servant of the regent, and to .declare his readiness to return when summoned to do so . Meanwhile his situation in See also:

LONDON

London gradually See also:

DEVELOPED

developed unforeseen See also:

SOURCES

sources of discomfort . Not that he had any See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to complain of his patrons, the king and the bishops . James continued to the last to delight in his See also:

COMPANY

company, and to be as liberal as the See also:

state of his finances allowed . See also:

John Overall had received him and his whole family into the deanery of St See also:

Paul's, and entertained him there for a year . Overall and See also:

LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot See also:

ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626)

Andrewes, then See also:

bishop of See also:

Ely, were the most learned men of a See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation in which extensive reading was more See also:

general among the higher See also:

clergy than it has ever been since .

These two were attracted to Casaubon by congenial studies and opinions . With the witty and learned bishop of Ely in particular Casaubon was always happy to spend such See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours as he had to spare from the labours of the study . Andrewes took him to Cambridge, where he met with a most gratifying reception from the notabilities of the university . They went on together to Downham, where Casaubon spent six See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks of the summer of 1611, in which year he became naturalized . In 1613 he was taken to See also:

Oxford by Sir Henry See also:

Savile, where, amid the See also:

HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage and feasting of which he was the object, his principal interest was for the See also:

MSS. treasures of the Bodleian . The honorary degree which was offered him he declined . But these distinctions were far from compensating the serious inconveniences of his position . Having been taken up by the king and the bishops, he had to See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in their rising unpopularity . The courtiers looked with a jealous See also:

eye on a pensioner who enjoyed frequent opportunities of taking James I. on his weak See also:

side—his love of book talk—opportunities which they would have known how to use . Casaubon was especially mortified by Sir Henry Wotton's persistent avoidance of him, so inconsistent with their former intimacy . His windows were broken by the roughs at See also:

NIGHT

night, his See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children pelted in the streets by See also:

day . On one occasion he himself appeared at Theobalds with a See also:

black eye,443 having received a See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from some See also:

RUFFIAN (Fr. ruffian, It. ruffiano)

ruffian's fist in the See also:

street .

The historian See also:

Hallam thinks that he had "become personally unpopular "; but these outrages from the vulgar seem to have arisen solely from the See also:

COCKNEY

cockney's antipathy to the Frenchman . Casaubon, though he could make shift to read an English book, could not speak English, any more than Mme Casaubon . This deficiency not only exposed him to insult and See also:

FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud, but restricted his social intercourse . It excluded him altogether from the circle of the " wits "; either this or some other cause prevented him from being acceptable in the circle of the lay learned—the " antiquaries." See also:

William See also:

Camden, the See also:

ANTIQUARY

antiquary and historian, he saw but once or twice . Casaubon had been imprudent enough to correct Camden's Greek, and it is possible that the ex-headmaster of See also:

Westminster kept himself aloof in silent resentment of Casaubon's superior learning . With See also:

Robert See also:

Cotton and Henry See also:

SPELMAN, SIR HENRY (c. 1564-1641)

Spelman he 'was slightly acquainted . Of John See also:

SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden we find no mention . Though Sir Henry Savile ostensibly patronized him, yet Casaubon could not help suspecting that it was Savile who secretly prompted an See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt by Richard See also:

Montagu to forestall Casaubon's book on See also:

BARONIUS, CAESAR (1538-1607)

Baronius . Besides the See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the natives, Casaubon had now to suffer the open attacks of the Jesuit pamphleteers . They had spared him as See also:

long as there were hopes of getting him over . The See also:

PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition was taken off, now that he was committed to Anglicanism . Not only Joannes Eudaemon, Heribert Rosweyd and Scioppius (Gaspar See also:

SCHOPPE, CASPAR (1576-1649)

Schoppe),1 but a respectable writer, friendly to Casaubon, Andreas Schott of- See also:

Antwerp, gave currency to the insinuation that Casaubon had sold his See also:

conscience for English gold .

But the most serious cause of discomfort in his English See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence was that his time was no longer his own . He was perpetually being summoned out of townto one or other of James's See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting residences that the king might enjoy his talk . He had come over from Paris in See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of leisure, and found that a new claim on his time was established . The king and the bishops wanted to employ his See also:

PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen in their literary warfare against See also:

Rome . They compelled him to write first one, then a second, pamphlet on the subject of the day,—the royal supremacy . At last, ashamed of thus misappropriating Casaubon's stores of learning, they set him upon a refutation of the See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of Baronius, then in the full See also:

TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of its See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit and success . Upon this task Casaubon spent his remaining strength and life . He died in great suffering on the 1st of See also:

JULY

July 1614 . His complaint was an organic and congenital malformation of the See also:

BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder; but his end was hastened by an unhealthy life of over-study, and latterly by his anxiety to acquit himself creditably in his See also:

criticism on Baronius . He was buried in Westminster See also:

Abbey . The See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument by which his name is there commemorated was erected in 1632 by his friend See also:

Thomas See also:

Morton when bishop of See also:

Durham . Besides the editions of ancient authors which have been mentioned, Casaubon published with commentaries See also:

PERSIUS

Persius, Suetonius, the Scriptores Historiae Augustae .

The edition of See also:

POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius, on' which he had spent vast labour, he See also:

LEFT

left unfinished . His most ambitious work was his revision of the text of the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus, with commentary . The Theophrastus perhaps exhibits his most characteristic excellences as a commentator . The Exercitationes in Baronium are but a fragment of the massive criticism which he contemplated; it failed in bringing before the reader the uncritical See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Baronius's history, and had only a moderate success, even among the Protestants . His See also:

correspondence (in Latin) was finally collected by See also:

Van Almeloveen (See also:

ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam, 1709), who prefixed to the letters a careful life of Isaac Casaubon . But this learned Dutch editor was acquainted with Casaubon's See also: