EMILIO CASTELAR Y RIPOLL (1832-1899)  , See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish states-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz on the 8th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1832 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seven he lost his See also:

• FATHER

father, who had taken an active See also:

• PART

part inthe progressist agitations during the reign of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII., and had passed several years as an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He at-tended a See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar-school at See also:

• SAX, ANTOINE JOSEPH

Sax . In 1848 he began to study See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, but soon elected to compete for admittance at the school of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and letters, where he took the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor in 1853 . He was an obscure republican student when the Spanish revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of 1854 took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young liberals and democrats of that See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch decided to hold a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in the largest See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . On that occasion Castelar delivered his See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden speech, which at once placed him in the See also:

• VAN

van of the advanced politicians of the reign of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella . From that moment he took an active part in politics, See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical journalism, See also:

• LITERARY

literary and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical pursuits . Castelar was compromised in the first rising of See also:

• JUNE

June 1866, which was concerted by See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• PRIM, JUAN, MARQUIS DE LOS CASTILLEJOS, COUNT DE REDS (1814-187o)

Prim, and crushed, after much bloodshed, in the streets by Marshals O'Donnell and Serrano . A See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial condemned him in contumaciam to See also:

• DEATH

death by " garote vil," and he had to hide in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of a friend until he escaped to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . There he lived two years until the successful revolution of 1868 allowed him to return and enter the See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time—as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa . At the same time he resumed the professorship of See also:

• HISTORY

history at the Madrid university . Castelar soon became famous by his rhetorical speeches in the Constituent Cortes of 186o, where he led the republican minority in advocating a federal See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic as the logical outcome of the See also:

• RECENT

recent revolution .

He thus gave much trouble to men like Serrano, See also:

• TOPETE, JUAN BAUPTISTA (1821-1885)

Topete and Prim, who had never. harboured the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of drifting into advanced See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, and who had each his own See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for re-establishing the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy with certain constitutional restrictions . Hence arose Castelar's See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and vigorous criticisms of the successive plans mooted to place a See also:

• HOHENZOLLERN

Hohenzollern, a Portuguese, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MONTPENSIER, ANNE MARIE LOUISE
• MONTPENSIER, COUNTS AND DUKES OF

Montpensier, See also:

• ESPARTERO, BALDOMERO (1792-1879)

Espartero and finally Amadeus of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy on the See also:

• THRONE

throne . He attacked with relentless vigour the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived monarchy of Amadeus, and contributed to its downfall . The See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Amadeus led to the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the federal republic . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress, very largely composed of monarchists, permitted themselves to be dragged along into democracy by the republican minority headed by Salmeron, See also:

• FIGUERAS

Figueras, Pi y Margall and Castelar . The short-lived federal republic from the 11th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1873 to the 3rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1874 was the culminating point of the career of Castelar, and his conduct during those eleven months was much praised by the wiser portion of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen, though it alienated from him the sympathies of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of his quondam See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in the republican ranks . Before the revolution of 1868, Castelar had begun to dissent from the doctrines of the more advanced republicans, and particularly- as to the means to be employed for their success . He abhorred bloodshed, he disliked See also:

• MOB

mob See also:

• RULE

rule, he did not approve of military pronunciamientos . His idea would have been a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary republic on the See also:

• AMERICAN

American lines, with some traits of the Swiss constitution to keep in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the regionalist and provincialist inclinations of many parts of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . He would have placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president and Cortes freely elected by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, ruling the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in a liberal spirit and with due respect for conservative principles, religious traditions and See also:

• NATIONAL

national unity . Such a statesman was sure to clash with the See also:

• DOCTRINAIRES

doctrinaires, like Salmeron, who wanted to imitate See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French methods; with Pi y Margall, who wanted a federal republic after purely Spanish ideas of decentralization; and above all with the See also:

• INTRANSIGENT (adopted from the Fr. intransigeant, taken, through the Spanish intransigente, from the Lat. in, not, and iransigere, to come to an understanding)

intransigent and gloomy fanatics who became the leaders of the cantonal insurrections at Cadiz, See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia, See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga and See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena in 1873 . At first Castelar did his best to See also:

• WORK

work with the other republican members of the first See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the federal republic .

He accepted the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs . He even went so far as to See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side with his colleagues, when serious difficulties arose between the new government and the president of the Cortes, Senor See also:

• MARTOS
• MARTOS, CHRISTINO (183o-1893)

Martos, who was backed by a very imposing See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission composed of the most influential conservative members of the last See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of the Savoyard See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, which had suspended its sittings shortly after proclaiming the federal republic . A See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp struggle was carried on for See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks between the executive and this commission, at first presided over by Martos, and, when he resigned, by Salmeron . In the background Marshal Serrano and many politicians and military men steadily advocated a coup d'etat in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to avert the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the republicans . The adversaries of the executive were prompted by the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Madrid, See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, who promised the co-operation of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of the capital . The president, Salmeron, and Marshal Serrano himself lacked decision at the last moment, and lost time and many opportunities by which the republican ministers profited . The federal republicans became masters of the situation in the last fortnight of Aprii 1893, and turned the tables on their adversaries by making a pacific bloodless pronunciamiento . The battalions of the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia that had assembled in the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring near Marshal Serrano's house to assist the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-democratic movement were disarmed, and their leaders, the politicians and generals, were allowed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape to France or See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . The Cortes were dissolved, and the federal and constituent Cortes of the republic convened, but they only sat during the summer of 1893, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to show their See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute incapacity, and to convince the executive that the safest policy was to suspend the session for several months . This was the darkest See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the Spanish revolution of 1873-1874 . Matters got to such a See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of disorder, disturbance and confusion, from the highest to the lowest strata of Spanish society, that the president of the executive, Figueras, deserted his post and fled the country . Pi y Margall and Salmeron, in successive attempts to govern, found no support in the really important and influential elements of Spanish society .

Salmeron had even to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to such well-known reactionary generals as Pavia, See also:

• SANCHEZ

Sanchez, Bregna and Moriones, to assume the command of the armies in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Fortunately these See also:

• OFFICERS

officers responded to the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of the executive . In less than five weeks a few thousand men properly handled sufficed to quell the cantonal risings in See also:

• CORDOBA
• CORDOBA, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE (1453–15.15)

Cordoba, Sevilla, Cadiz and Malaga, and the whole of the south might have been soon pacified, if the federal republican ministers had not once more given way to the pressure of the majority of the Cortes, composed of " Intransigentes " and radical republicans . The president, Salmeron, after showing much indecision, resigned, but not until he had recalled the general in command in See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia, Pavia . This resignation was not an unfortunate event for the country, as the federal Cortes not only made Castelar See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the executive, though his partisans were in a minority in the Parliament, but they gave him much See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act,' as they decided to suspend the sittings of the house until 2nd January 1874 . This was the turning-point of the Spanish revolution, as from that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide set in towards the successive developments that led to the restoration of the Bourbons . On becoming the ruler of Spain at the beginning of September 1873, Castelar at once devoted his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the reorganization of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, whose See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers had dwindled down to about 70,000 men . This force, though aided by considerable bodies of See also:

• LOCAL

local militia and See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and western provinces, was insufficient to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with the 6o,000 Carlists in arms, and with the still formidable See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of cantonalists around See also:

• ALCOY

Alcoy and Cartagena . To See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the deficiencies Castelar called out more than roo,000 conscripts, who joined the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours in less than six weeks . He selected his generals without respect of politics, sending Moriones to the Basque provinces and See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre at the head of 20,000 men, Martinez See also:

• CAMPOS
• CAMPOS, ARSENIO MARTINEZ DE (1831-1900)

Campos to See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia with several thousand, and See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez Dominguez, the See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Marshal Serrano, to begin the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of the last stronghold of the cantonal insurgents, Cartagena, where the crews of Spain's only See also:

• FLEET

fleet had joined the revolt . Castelar next turned his attention to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . He renewed See also:

• DIRECT

direct relations with the Vatican, and at last induced See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. to approve his selection of two dignitaries to occupy vacant See also:

• SEES

sees as well as his nominee for the vacant archbishopric of Valencia, a See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate who afterwards became See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, and remained to the end a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close friend of Castelar .

He put a stop to all persecutions of the Church and religious orders, and enforced respect of Church See also:

• PROPERTY

property . He attempted to restore some order in the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, with a view to obtain ways and means to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the expense of the three See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars, Carlist, cantonal and Cuban . The Cuban insurgents gave him much trouble and anxiety, the famous Virginius incident nearly leading to a rupture between Spain and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . Castelar sent out to See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba all the reinforcements he could spare, and a new See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, Jovellar, whom he peremptorily instructed to crush the mutinous spirit of the Cuban militia, and not allow them to See also:

• DRAG (from the Old Eng. dragan, to draw; the word preserves the g which phonetically developed into w)

drag Spain into a conflict with the United States . Acting upon the instructions of Castelar, Jovellar gave up the See also:

• FILIBUSTER

filibuster vessels, and those of the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew and passengers who had not been summarily shot by General Burriel . Castelar always prided himself on having terminated this incident without too much damage to the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of Spain . At the end of 1873 Castelar had See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to be satisfied with the results of his efforts, with the military operations in the peninsula, with the assistance he was getting from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes and even from many of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political elements of the Spanish revolution that were not republican . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the meeting of the federal Cortes, he could indulge in no illusions as to what he had to expect from the bulk of the republicans, who openly dissented from his conservative and conciliatory policy, and announced that they would See also:

• REVERSE

reverse it on the very day the Cortes met . Warnings came in plenty, and no less a personage than the man he had made captain-general of Madrid, General Pavia, suggested that, if a conflict arose between Castelar and the majority of the Cortes, not only the garrison of Madrid and its chief, but all the armies in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and their generals, were disposed to stand by the president . Castelar knew too well what such offers meant in the classic land of pronunciamientos, and he refused so flatly that Pavia did not renew his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice . The sequel is soon told . The Cortes met on the 2nd of January 1874 .

The intransigent majority refused to listen to a last eloquent appeal that Castelar made to their patriotism and See also:

• COMMON

common sense, and they passed a See also:

• VOTE

vote of censure . Castelar resigned . The Cortes went on wrangling for a day and See also:

• NIGHT

night until; at daybreak on the 3rd of January 1874, General Pavia forcibly ejected the deputies, closed and dissolved the Cortes, and. called up Marshal Serrano to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a provisional government . Castelar kept apart from active politics during the twelve months that Serrano acted as president of the republic . Another pronunciamiento finally put an end to it in the last See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1874, when Generals Campos at Sagunto, Jovellar at Valencia, Primo de Rivera at Madrid, and Laserna at Logrono, proclaimed See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso XII. king of Spain . Castelar then went into voluntary exile for fifteen months, at the end of which he was elected deputy for See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona . He sat in all subsequent parliaments, and just a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month before his death he was elected as representative of See also:

• MURCIA

Murcia . During that period he became even more estranged from the majority of the republicans . See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

Bitter experience had shown him that their federal doctrines and revolutionary methods could See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to nothing in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the aspirations of the majority of Spaniards . He elected, to use his own words, to defend and to seek the realization of the substance of the See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme of the Spanish revolution of 1868 by See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution, and legal, pacific means . Hence the contrast between his attitude from 1876 to 1886, during the reign of Alphonso XII., when he stood in the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the Opposition, to defend the reforms of that revolution against Senor Canovas, and his attitude from 1886 to 1891 . In this latter period Castelar acted as a sort of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary of See also:

• SAGASTA, PRAXEDES MATEO (1827—1903)

Sagasta and of the Liberal party .

As soon as Castelar saw universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage re-established he solemnly declared in the Cortes that his task was accomplished, his political See also:

• MISSION

mission at an end, and that he proposed to devote the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life to those literary, historical, philosophical, and economic studies which he had never neglected even in the busiest days of his political career . Indeed, it was his extraordinary activity and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of assimilation in such directions that allowed him to keep his fellow-countrymen so well informed of what was going on in the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• WORLD

world . His literary and journalistic labours occupied much of his time, and were his chief means of subsistence . He See also:

• LEFT

left unfinished a history of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The most conspicuous of his earlier See also:

• WORKS

works were: A History of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization in the First Five Centuries of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, Recollections of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Life of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, The History of the Republican Movement in Europe, The Redemption of Slaves, The Religious Revolution, Historical Essays on the Middle Ages, The Eastern Question, Fra Filippo See also:

• LIPPI

Lippi, History of the See also:

• DISCOVERY

Discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America, and some historical novels . Castelar died near Murcia on the 25th of May 1.899, at the age of 66 . His funeral at Madrid was an imposing demonstration of the sympathy and respect of all classes and parties . (A . E .