See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, occupying the central districts of the Iberian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula; and bounded on the N. by the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay, N.E. by the Basque Provinces and See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, E. by See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, S.E. by See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia and See also:

• MURCIA

Murcia, S. by See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia, W. by See also:

• ESTREMADURA, or EXTREMADURA

Estremadura and See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon, and N.W. by See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias . Pop . (1900) 3,708,713; See also:

• AREA

area, 55,307 sq. m . The name See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile is commonly said to be derived from the numerous frontier forts (castillos) erected in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages as a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part of the kingdom, which was first freed from Moorish See also:

• RULE

rule, is called Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja); the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern, acquired later, is called New Castile (Castilla la Nueva) . These two divisions, with a third known as See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Castile, now See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as military districts or captaincies-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general; but the See also:

• TERM

term " North Castile," which covers the northern extremity of Old Castile, is not generally used . In 1833 Old Castile was divided into the provinces of See also:

• AVILA
• AVILA (anc. Abula or Avela)
• AVILA, GIL GONZALEZ DE (c. 1577-1658)

Avila, See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos, Logrono, See also:

• PALENCIA

Palencia, See also:

• SANTANDER
• SANTANDER (ancient Portus Blendium or Fanum S. Andreae)

Santander, See also:

• SEGOVIA

Segovia, See also:

• SORIA

Soria and See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid; while New Castile was similarly divided into See also:

• CIUDAD

Ciudad Real, See also:

• CUENCA

Cuenca, See also:

• GUADALAJARA

Guadalajara, See also:

• MADRID

Madrid and See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo . The See also:

• MODERN

modern progress of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, communications, &c. in these thirteen provinces is described in the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles upon each of them . Castile extends for about 300 M. from north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and 16o m. from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . It consists of a vast central See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 2500 ft . This plateau has a natural frontier of high mountains on all sides, except on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Leon and Murcia; it is also bisected by the Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos, which extend in a south-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction across the central districts, and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the dividing See also:

• LINE

line between Old and New Castile . Geographically it includes also the high plains of Leon, towards the north-west, and of Murcia on the south-east .

The existing frontier is marked on the north by the Cantabrian Mountains (q.v.); on the east by the Sierra de la Demanda with its offshoots, and by the Serrania de Cuenca; on the south by the Sierra Morena; and on the west by various See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor ranges which See also:

• LINK

link together the three more or less parallel chains of the Sierra de Gredos, Sierra de Guadalupe and Sierra Morena . Three See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the See also:

• DOURO (Span. Duero, Port. Douro, anc. Durius)

Douro, which traverses Old Castile, with the See also:

• TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo)

Tagus and See also:

• GUADIANA (anc. Anas, Moorish Wadi Ana)

Guadiana, which respectively drain the central and southern regions of New Castile, flow westward into See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, and finally reach the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic; while the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro, which rises in the north of the kingdom, skirts the north-eastern frontier on its way to the Mediterranean . These rivers are described under their own names . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Old Castile is healthy, but liable to severe See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow falls See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early and lies See also:

• LATE

late in the mountains, and there is a heavy rainfall in the north-west . New Castile has a still more rigorous climate, for although the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 590 Fahr., the summer heat in the valleys is peculiarly oppressive, and the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands are swept by scorching or icy See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales, laden with dust . The rainfall rarely exceeds to in. in a See also:

• YEAR

year . In both the Castiles the central plateau has a naturally fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil, for after See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain a luxuriant vegetation appears; but drought is See also:

• COMMON

common, owing to the insufficient See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the rivers, and the failure of the Spaniards to extend the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation which the Moors originated . Certain districts, indeed, in which a layer of heavy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam underlies the porous and friable See also:

• SURFACE

surface, are able to retain the moisture which elsewhere is absorbed . Such See also:

• LAND

land is found in Palencia, and in the See also:

• MESA (Span. mesa, from Lat. mensa, a table)

Mesa de Ocana, where it yields abundant crops; and many of the northern mountains are well wooded . But vast tracts of land are useless except as pasture for See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and even the sheep are driven by the severe winters to migrate yearly into Estremadura (q.v.) . The normal Castilian landscape is an arid and sterile See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe, with scarcely a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree or See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of See also:

• WATER

water; and many even of the villages afford no See also:

• RELIEF

relief to the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, for they are built of sunburnt unbaked bricks, which See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the dusty brownish-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey tint of the soil .

Especially characteristic is the great See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of La See also:

• MANCHA, LA (Arabic, Al Mancha, " the dry land " or "wilderness ")

Mancha (q.v.) . The transformation of Castile from a small See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county in the north of what is now Old Castile into an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, was one of the decisive events in the reconquest of Spain from the Moors . The successful resistance offered by Asturias to the invaders had been followed by the liberation of See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia and Leon, when See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I. of Castile (103 1065), by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Sancha, widow of the last See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Leon, was enabled to unite Leon and Castile in a single kingdom, with its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital at Burgos . New territories were annexed on the south, until, after the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Toledo in 1o85, and the consequent formation of a New Castile, the kingdom comprised the whole of central Spain . Thenceforward its See also:

• HISTORY

history is inseparable from that of the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; and it is therefore described in full, together with the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and literature of Castile, under SPAIN (q.v.) . Castilian, which is the See also:

• LITERARY

literary language of Spain, and with certain See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• AMERICA

America, is spoken in Old and New Castile, Aragon, Estremadura, and the greater part of Leon; in Andalusia it is subject to various modifications of See also:

• ACCENT

accent and See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation . As there is little, if any, difference of racial origin, See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical type, among the in-habitants of this region, except in Andalusia, and, to a less extent, in Estremadura, the Castilian is justly regarded as the typical Spaniard . Among the Castilian peasantry, where See also:

• EDUCATION

education and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence have never penetrated deeply, the See also:

• NATIONAL

national character can best be studied . Its intense See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride, its fatalistic indolence and See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance, its honesty and its bigotry, tempered by a keen sense of See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, are well-known characteristics . Apart from the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant class, Castilians have contributed more to the development of Spanish See also:

• ART

art and literature than the in-habitants of any other region except, perhaps, Andalusia, which claims to be regarded as supreme in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and See also:

• PAINTING

painting . Of the two great Spanish See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, Alcal5, de Henares belonged in all respects to Castile, and See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to equality with See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford or See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, under the purely Castilian influence of See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso X . (1252-1284) .

For a general description of Castile and its inhabitants, antiquities, commerce, &c., see Castilla la Nueva, three illustrated volumes in the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Espana, by J . M . Quadrado and V. de la Fuente (See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, 1885-1886), and the Guia del antiguo reino de Castilla, by E.Valverde y See also:

• ALVAREZ, DON JOSE (1768-1827)
• ALVAREZ, DON MANUEL (1727-1797)
• ALVAREZ, FRANCISCO (c. 1465-1541?)

Alvarez (Madrid, 1886), which deals with the provinces of Burgos, Santander, Logrofio, Soria, Avila and Segovia . For the history, see in addition to the See also:

• WORKS

works cited under SPAIN (See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section History), Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla, by C . Rosell (Madrid, 1875-1877, 2 vols.) ; Coleccion de See also:

• LAS

las cronicas y memories de los reyes de Castilla (Madrid, 1779-1787, 7 vols.); and Historia de las communidades de Castilla (Madrid, 1897) .