See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

CASTLE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp; Fr. See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau and chdtel)  , a small self-contained fortress, usually of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, though the See also:

• TERM

term is sometimes used of pre-historic earthworks (e.g . Hollingbury See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

Maiden Castle), and sometimes of citadels (e.g. the castles of See also:

• BADAJOZ
• BADAJOZ (formerly sometimes written Badajos)

Badajoz and See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos) and small detached forts d'arreeet in See also:

• MODERN

modern times . It is also often applied to the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince or nobleman, and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (as See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau) to any See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country seat, this use being a relic of the feudal See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Under its twofold aspect of a fortress and a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval castle is inseparably connected with the subjects of fortification (see FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT) and See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture (q.v.) . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and pre-Roman castella in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain will be found under BRITAIN . The word " castle " (See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

castel) was introduced into See also:

• ENGLISH

English shortly before the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest to denote a type of fortress, then new to the country, brought in by the Norman knights whom See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor had sent for to defend See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford-See also:

• SHIRE

shire against the inroads of the Welsh . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard's castle, of which the earthworks remain and which has given its name to a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, was erected at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period on the border of Hereford-shire and See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire by Richard Fitz Scrob . The essential feature of this type was a circular See also:

• MOUND

mound of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth surrounded by a dry ditch and flattened at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . Around the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit was placed a See also:

• TIMBER

timber palisade . This moated mound second See also:

• LINE

line of defences should be built within the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, was styled in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French motte (latinized mota), a word still See also:

• COMMON

common and a third line or keep inside the second line; and secondly, that in French See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names . It is clearly depicted at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall must be flanked by projecting towers . From the Byzanthe Conquest in the See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry, and was then See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar on the mainland of western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe .

A description of this earlier castle is given in the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Terouanne (Acta Sanctorum, quoted by G . T . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, Medieval Mil . Architecture) " The See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble of that region being much given to feuds and bloodshed, fortify themselves . . . and by these strongholds subdue their equals and oppress their inferiors . They heap up a mound as high as they are able, and dig See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it as broad a ditch as they can . . . . Round the summit of the mound they construct a palisade of timber to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a wall . . . . Inside the palisade they erect a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, or rather a citadel, which looks down on the whole neighbourhood." St John, bishop of Terou- See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

anne, died in 1130, and this castle of Merchem, built by " a See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• TOWN

town many years be- fore " may be taken as typical of the practice of the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But in addition to the mound, the citadel of the for- tress, there was usually , appended to it a See also:

• BAILEY (said to be a corruption of Ballium by some, and derived by others from the Fr. baille, a corruption of bataille, because there the soldiers were drilled in battle array)
• BAILEY, NATHAN
• BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902)
• BAILEY, SAMUEL (1791-1870)

bailey or basecourt (and some- times two) of semilunar or horseshoe shape, so that the mound stood d cheval on the line of the enceinte . The rapidity and ease with which it was possible to construct castles of this type made them characteristic of the Conquest period in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and of the Anglo-Norman settlements in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and the Scottish lowlands .

In later days a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone wall replaced the timber palisade and produced what is known as the See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-keep, the type met with in the extant castles of See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley, See also:

• ALNWICK

Alnwick and See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor . But the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans introduced also two other types of castle . The one was adopted where they found a natural See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock strong-hold which,only needed See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation, as at See also:

• CLIFFORD
• CLIFFORD, JOHN (1836- )
• CLIFFORD, WILLIAM KINGDON (1845-1879)

Clifford, See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow, the See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak and See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, to produce a citadel; the other was a type wholly distinct, the high rectangular See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of See also:

• MASONRY

masonry, of which the Tower of See also:

• LONDON

London is the best-known example, though that of See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester was probably constructed in the 11th century also . But the latter type belongs rather to the more settled conditions of the math century when haste was not a See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, and in the first See also:

• HALF

half of which the See also:

• FINE

fine extant keeps of Hedingham and See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester were erected . These towers were originally surrounded by palisades, usually on earthen ramparts, which were replaced later by stone walls . The whole fortress thus formed was styled a castle, but sometimes more precisely " tower and castle," the former being the citadel, and the latter the walled enclosure, which preserved more strictly the meaning of the Roman castellunt . Reliance was placed by the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers of that time simply and solely on the inherent strength of the structure, the walls of which defied the battering-See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram, and could only be undermined at the cost of much time and labour, while the narrow apertures were constructed to exclude arrows or flaming brands . At this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, and the consequent opportunities, afforded to western engineers of studying the solid fortresses of the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, revolutionized the See also:

• ART

art of castle-See also:

• BUILDING

building, which henceforward follows recognized principles . Many castles were built in the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land by the crusaders of the 12th century, and it has been shown (See also:

• OMAN

Oman, Art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War: the Middle Ages, p . 529) that the designers realized, first, that a a~ .'eao s16 7 AiBAIVAiYd i~ NM ! AJ$~ ~ ~A~•.Y,~tyW",y~ A 1A4RHA1°,y e" { ti . ..11gbU ppII See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

Section From Clark's Medieval Military Architecture, by permission of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• QUARITCH, BERNARD (1819-1899)

Quaritch .

Morthen . (Tower of London) . tine engineers, through the crusaders, we derive, therefore, the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal principle of the mutual See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of all the parts of a fortress . The See also:

• DONJON (from a Late Lat. accusative form domnionem, connected with domnus or dominus, a lord)

donjon of western Europe was regarded as the fortress, the See also:

• OUTER

outer walls as See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory defences; in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East each envelope was a fortress in itself, and the keep became merely the last See also:

• REFUGE

refuge of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, used only when all else had been captured . Indeed the keep, in several crusader castles, is no more than a tower, larger than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, built into the enceinte and serving with the rest for its flanking defence, while the fortress was made strongest on the most exposed front . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the flanking towers (which were of a type very different from the slight projections of the shell-keep and rectangular tower) soon penetrated to Europe, and Alnwick Castle (114o–115o) shows the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the new See also:

• SYSTEM

system . But the finest of all castles of the middle ages was Richard Coeur de See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion's fortress of Chateau See also:

• GAILLARD, GABRIEL HENRI (1726-1806)

Gaillard (1197) on the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine near See also:

• LES

Les Andelys . Here the innermost See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward was protected by an elaborate system of strong appended defences, which included a strong tfte-de-See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

pont covering the Seine See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge (see Clark, i . 384, and Oman, p . 533) . The castle stood upon high ground and consisted of three distinct enceintes or wards besides the keep, which was in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case merely a strong tower forming See also:

• PART

part of the inner-most ward . The donjon was rarely defended d outrance, and it From Oman's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Art of War, by permission of See also:

• METHUEN, BARONY OF

Methuen & Co .

Fig . 3.—Berkeley Castle, See also:

• LATE

late Norman Shell-Keep . From Oman's History of the Art of War . 478 gradually sank in importance as the outer "wards" See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew stronger . Round instead of rectangular towers were now becoming usual, the finest examples of their employment as keeps being at Conisborough in England and at See also:

• COUCY, LE CHATELAIN DE

Coucy in France . Against the relatively feeble See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery of the 13th century a well-built fortress was almost See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, but the mines and the battering ram of the attack were more formidable, and it was realized that corners in the stonework of the fortress were more vulnerable than a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform curved See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Chateau Gaillard See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 1 204 after a strenuous defence, and the success of the assailants was largely due to the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and skilful employ- 4y~° 40 Op 8o tap o9oY ants A . Niph Anpte Tamer K . Entrance See also:

• GATE

Gate S . Gate from the Esoar potent D.B.BmaN.r Slee Towers L The See also:

• COON

COON procnrp T T.FlonkO9Tomers G.C . D.D . Corner Towers M The See also:

• RACE

Race V Outer Tower E OuterEnceinte,or LowerCourt N The Escarpment % Connectrag See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

Wool F.The Well O .

See also:

• POSTERN (from 0. Fr. posterne, posterle, Late Lat. posterula, small back-door, posterus, behind)

Postern See also:

• MOOT

Moot V The Stockade ,n thpRloee G.M.Buileinpsinthe LmuerCourt P Postern Gate Z Z The See also:

• GREAT

Great D,:anes L The See also:

• MOAT

Moat R.R Pat-oust Wa/'s ment of mines . An See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the noble keep of Rochester was undermined and brought down by John in 1215 . The next development was the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the principle of successive lines of defence to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form what is called the " See also:

• CON

con-centric " castle, in which each ward was placed wholly within another which enveloped it; places thus built on a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side (e.g . See also:

• CAERPHILLY

Caerphilly Castle) became for the first time more formidablethan strongholds perched upon rocks and hills such as Chateau Gaillard, where the more exposed parts indeed possessed many successive lines of defence, but at other points, for want of See also:

• ROOM

room, it was impossible to build more than one or, at most, two walls . In these cases, the fall of the inner ward by surprise, escalade, wive force, or even by See also:

• REGULAR

regular siege (as was sometimes feasible), en-tailed the fall of the whole castle . The See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the con-centric system precluded any such mischance, and thus, even though siege-engines improved during the 13th and 14th centuries, the defence, by the massive strength of the concentric castle in some cases, by natural inaccessibility of position in others, maintained itself See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the attack during the latter middle ages . Its final fall was due to the introduction of See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder as a propellant . " In the 14th century the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change begins, in the 15th it is fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, in the 16th the feudal fastness has become an See also:

• ANACHRONISM (from ava, back, and xpovor, time)

anachronism." The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general adoption of See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon placed in the hands of the central See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power a force which ruined the baronial fortifications in a few days of firing . The possessors of cannon were usually private individuals of the middle classes, from whom the prince hired the materiel and the technical workmen . A typical case will be found in the history of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia (See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great, bk. iii. ch. i.), the impregnable castle of Friesack, held by an intractable feudal noble, See also:

• DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774)

Dietrich von Quitzow, being .reduced in two days by the elector Frederick Ir with " Heavy Peg " (Faule Grete) and other guns hired and borrowed (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1414) . The beginnings of orderly See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in Brandenburg thus depended upon the guns, and the taking of Friesack is, in Carlyle's phrase, " a fact memorable to every Prussian See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man." In England, the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick in 1464 reduced the strong fortress of Bamborough in a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week, and in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz von See also:

• SICKINGEN, FRANZ VON (1481-1523)

Sickingen's stronghold of Landstuhl, formerly impregnable on its heights, was ruined in one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by the artillery of Philip of Besse (1523) . Very heavy artillery was used for such See also:

• WORK

work, of course, and against lighter natures, some castles and even fortified country-houses or castellated mansions managed to make a stout stand even as late as the Great See also:

• REBELLION

Rebellion in England .

The castle thus ceases to be the fortress of small and See also:

• ILL

ill- governing See also:

• LOCAL

local magnates, and its later history is merged in that of modern fortification . But an interesting transitional type between the medieval stronghold and the modern fortress is found in the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast castles erected by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII., especially those at See also:

• DEAL

Deal, See also:

• SAN

San- down and See also:

• WALMER

Walmer (c . 1540), which played some part in the events of the 17th century, and of which Walmer Castle is still the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official residence of the lord See also:

• WARDEN

warden of the Cinque Ports . See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc, in his See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of a Fortress (English trans.), gives a full and interesting account of the repeated renovations of the fortress on his imaginary site in the valley of the See also:

• DOUBS

Doubs, the construction by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold of artillery towers at the angles of the castle, the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the masonry by earthen outworks, boulevards and demi-boulevards, and, in the 17th century, the final service of the medieval walls and towers as a pure enceinte de surete . Here and there we find old castles serving as forts d'arrct or See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block-houses in See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain passes and defiles, and in some few cases, as at See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, they formed the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of purely military places of arms, but normally the castle falls into ruins, becomes a peaceful mansion, or is merged in the fortifications of the town which has grown up around it . In the Annals of a Fortress the site of the feudal castle is occupied by the citadel of the walled town, for once again, with the development of the middle class and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, the art of the engineer came to be dis ulayed chiefly in the fortification , of cities . The baronial " castle " assumes pari passu the form of a mansion, retaining indeed for See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long some capacity for defence, but in the end losing all military See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character- istics See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save a few which survived as ornaments . Examples of such castellated mansions are seen in See also:

• WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (c. 156o-c. 1614)
• WINGFIELD, SIR RICHARD (c. 1469-1525)

Wingfield See also:

• MANOR

Manor,See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, and See also:

• HURSTMONCEAUX (also HERSTMONCEUX)

Hurstmonceaux, See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, erected in the 15th century, and From Clark's Med . Mil . See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . nearly all older castles which survived were continually improved and altered to serve as residences . (C .

F . A.) Influence of Castles in English History.—Such strongholds as existed in England at the time of the Norman Conquest seem to have offered but little resistance to See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Norman, who, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order effectually to guard against invasions from without as well as to See also:

• AWE, LOCH

awe his newly-acquired subjects, immediately began to erect castles all over the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and likewise to repair and See also:

• AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

augment the old ones . Besides, as he had parcelled out the lands of the English amongst his followers, they, to protectthemselves from the resentment of the despoiled natives, built strongholds and castles on their estates, and these were multiplied so rapidly during the troubled reign of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen that the " adulterine " (i.e. un- authorized) castles are said by one writer to have See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake amounted to 1115 . §P'_.a.f.ge=°_ee In the first instance, most when the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the king and of his barons was identical, the former had only retained in his hands the castles in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of the shires, which were entrusted to his sheriffs or constables . But the great feudal re-volts under the Conqueror and his sons showed how formidable an obstacle to the ruleof the king was the existence of such fortresses in private hands, while the See also:

• PEOPLE

people hated them from the first for the oppressions connected with their erection and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance . It was, therefore, the settled policy of the See also:

• CROWN

crown to strengthen the royal castles and increase their number, while jealously keeping in check those of the barons . But in the struggle between Stephen and the empress Maud for the crown, which became largely a war of sieges, the royal power was relaxed and there was an outburst of castle-building, without permission, by the barons . These in many cases acted as See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sovereigns, and such was their tyranny that the native chronicler describes the castles as " filled with devils and evil men." These excesses paved the way for the pacification at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the reign, when it was provided that all unauthorized castles constructed during its course should be destroyed . Henry II., in spite of his power, was warned by the great revolt against him that he must still rely on castles, and the massive keeps of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle and of Dover date from this period . Under his sons the importance of the chief castles was recognized as so great that the struggle for their See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control was in the forefront of every contest . When Richard made vast grants at his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother John, he was careful to reserve the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of certain castles, and when John See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against the king's See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• LONGCHAMP, WILLIAM (d. 1197)

Longchamp, in 1191, the custody of castles was the chief point of dispute throughout their negotiations, and See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln was besieged on the king's behalf, as were Tickhill, Windsor and See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough subsequently, while the siege of See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham had to From Clerk's Med . Mil .

Arch . be completed by Richard himself on his arrival . To John, in turn, as king, the fall of Chateau Gaillard meant the loss of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen and of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy with it, and when he endeavoured to repudiate the newly-granted Great See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter, his first step was to prepare the royal castles against attack and make them his centres of resistance . The barons, who had begun their revolt by besieging that of See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton, now assailed that of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford as well and From Clark's Med . Mil . Arch . Lake From Oman's History of the Art of War . seized that of Rochester . The king recovered Rochester after a severe struggle and captured See also:

• TONBRIDGE [TUNBRIDGE]

Tonbridge, but thenceforth there was a war of sieges between John with his mercenaries and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of France with his Frenchmen and the barons, which was specially notable for the great defence of Dover Castle by See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh against Louis . On the final See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the royal cause, after John's See also:

• DEATH

death, at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Lincoln, the general pacification was accompanied by a fresh issue of the Great Charter in the autumn of 1217, in which the precedent of Stephen's reign was followed and a See also:

• SPECIAL

special clause inserted that all " adulterine castles, namely those which had been constructed or rebuilt since the breaking out of war between John and the barons, should be immediately destroyed . And special stress was laid on this in the writs addressed to the sheriffs . In 1223 Hubert de Burgh, as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, demanded the surrender to the crown of all royal castles not in official custody, and though he succeeded in this, Falkes de See also:

• BREAUTE, FALKES DE (d. 1226)

Breaute, John's See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary, burst into revolt next See also:

• YEAR

year, and it cost a great See also:

• NATIONAL

national effort and a siege of nearly two months to reduce See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford Castle, which he had held .

Towards the close of Henry's reign castles again asserted, in the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron's War, their importance . The Provisions of Oxford included a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the chief royal castles and of their appointed castellans with the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath that they were to take; but the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien favourites refused to make way for them till they were forcibly ejected . When war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out it was Rochester Castle that successfully held See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort at See also:

• BAY

bay in 1264, and in See also:

• PEVENSEY

Pevensey Castle that the fugitives from the rout of See also:

• LEWES
• LEWES, CHARLES LEE (1740–1803)

Lewes were able to defy his power . Finally, after his fall at See also:

• EVESHAM

Evesham, it was in See also:

• KENILWORTH

Kenilworth Castle that the remnant of his followers made their last stand, holding out nearly five months against all the forces of the crown, till their provisions failed them at the close of 1266 . Thus for two centuries after the Norman Conquest castles had proved of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary consequence in English See also:

• POLITICAL

political struggles, revolts and warfare . And, although, when the country was again torn by See also:

• CIVIL

civil strife, their military importance was of small account, the crown's historic See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of private fortification was still seen in the need to obtain the king's See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to " crenellate (i.e. embattle) the country mansion .