See also:

• CATANIA (Gr. Katane, Rom. Catinal)

CATANIA (Gr. Katane, Rom. Catinal)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and episcopal see of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CATANIA (Gr. Katane, Rom. Catinal)

Catania, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, 59 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. of See also:

• MESSINA

Messina, and 151 M. by rail S.E. of See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo (102 M. See also:

• DIRECT

direct) . Pop . (1881) 100,417; (1905) 157,722 . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are handsome, and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main streets, See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in the Piazzo del Duomo, are See also:

• FINE

fine . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of S . See also:

• AGATHA, SAINT

Agatha, containing the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, retains its three See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman apses (1091), but is otherwise a large See also:

• BAROQUE

baroque edifice . The See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Ferrando d'Acunea, a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Sicily, is a fine See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• WORK

work (1494) . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west portion of the town is the huge See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of S . Nicola (now suppressed), the buildings of which occupy an See also:

• AREA

area of about 21 acres and contain the museum, a library, See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, &c . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, dating, like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the buildings, from 1693-1735, is the largest in Sicily, and the See also:

• ORGAN

organ, built in 176o by Donato del Piano, with 72 stops and 2916 pipes, is very fine . The university, founded in 1444, has regained some of its former importance . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south near the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is the massive See also:

• CASTELL, EDMUND (16o6-1685)

Castell' Ursino, erected in 1232 by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II .

Remains of several See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings exist, belonging in the main to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, covered by a stream of See also:

• LAVA

lava, and built partly of small rectangular blocks of the same material, though in the main of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, has been superimposed upon the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• BUILDING

building, some See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of which, in calcareous See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, of which the seats are also made, still exist . It is 1o6 yds. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and is estimated to have accommodated 7000 spectators . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to it are the remains of the so-called See also:

• ODEUM (Gr. Odeion)

Odeum, of similar See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to the theatre but without a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north is the church of S . Maria Rotonda, originally a Roman domed structure, perhaps See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath . To the north, in the Piazza Stesicoro, is the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, a considerable portion of which has been uncovered, including the two corridors which ran See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the whole building and gave See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the seats, while a part of the arcades of the exterior has been excavated and See also:

• LEFT

left open; the pillars are made of blocks of lava, and the See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick . The See also:

• EXTERNAL

external diameters of the amphitheatre are 410 and 348 ft., while the corresponding diameters pf the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena are 233 and 167 ft . It is thus the third largest Roman amphitheatre known, being surpassed only by that at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona and the Colosseum . Remains ' This is the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form vouched for by the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . of many other Roman buildings also exist beneath the See also:

• MODERN

modern town, among the best preserved of which may be noted the public See also:

• BATHS

baths (Thermae Achilleae) under the cathedral, and those under the church of S . Maria dell' Indirizzo . The number of baths is remarkable, and gives some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the luxury of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Roman times .

Their excellent preservation is accounted for by their See also:

• BURIAL

burial under the lava . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority were excavated by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Ignazio Biscari (1719–1786), who formed an important private collection of antiquities . Of the ancient city walls no authenticated remains exist . Catania has a considerable export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

• PUMICE (Lat. purnex, spumex, spuma, froth)

pumice stone, See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, oranges and lemons, almonds, filberts, cereals, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine (the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of wine in the province amounted to 28,600,000 gallons in 1905) and oil . The total value of exports in 1905 was £1,647,075, and of imports £1,326,055, the latter including notably See also:

• COAL

coal, almost entirely from the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, from See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian ports . The harbour is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good one, and has been considerably enlarged since 1872; £128,000 was voted in 1905 towards the completion of the harbour See also:

• WORKS

works by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Sulphide of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon is produced here; and there are large dyeworks, and a factory for making See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed-stuffing from seaweed . The ancient Catina was founded in 729 B.C. by colonists from See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos, perhaps on the site of an earlier Sicel See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement—the name is entirely un-Greek, and may be derived from See also:

• KILT

KILT LVOP, which in the Sicel See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, as catinum in Latin, meant a See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, and would thus be descriptive of the situation of the town . See also:

• CHARONDAS

Charondas, a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Catina, is famous as its lawgiver, but his date and his birthplace are alike uncertain; the fragments preserved of his See also:

• LAWS

laws show that they belong to a somewhat See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive period . The poet See also:

• STESICHORUS (c. 640–555 B.C.)

Stesichorus of See also:

• HIMERA

Himera died here . Very little is heard of Catina in See also:

• HISTORY

history until 476 B.C., when See also:

• HIERO (strictly HIERON)

Hiero I. removed its inhabitants to See also:

• LEONTINI (mod. Lentini)

Leontini, repeopled it with 5000 Syracusans and 5000 Peloponnesians, and changed its name to Aetna . In 461 B.C., however, with the help of Ducetius and the Syracusans, the former inhabitants recovered See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of their city and revived the old name .

Catina was, however, an ally of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens during the Syracusan expedition (415–413 B.C.), and served as the Athenian See also:

• BASE

base of operations in the early part of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . In 403 B.C. it was taken by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse, who plundered the city, sold the inhabitants into See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery and replaced them with Campanian mercenaries . In the First Punic War it was one of the first cities of Sicily to be taken by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans (263 B.C.) . See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus constructed a gymnasium here out of the See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty of Syracuse . In 123 B.C. there was an eruption of See also:

• ETNA
• ETNA (Gr. AZ-rvn, from aZOw, burn; Lat. Aetna)

Etna so violent that the tithe on the territory of Catina payable to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome was remitted for ten years . It appears to have been a flourishing city in the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., but to have suffered from the ravages of Sextus Pompeius . It became a Roman colonia under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, and it is from this period that the fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, hitherto called the plain of Leontini, begins to be called the plain of Catina . It seems to have been at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the most important city in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the language of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo and the number of inscriptions found there . In A.D . 251 a lava stream threatened the town and entered the amphitheatre, which in the time of See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric had fallen into ruins, as is clear from the fact that he permitted the use of its fallen stones to build the city See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall . It was recovered by See also:

• BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius in 535, sacked by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens in 902 and taken by the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans . The latter founded the cathedral; but the town was almost entirely destroyed by See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake in 1170, and devastated by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI. in 1197 .

It became the usual See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Aragonese viceroys of the 13th and 14th centuries . In 1669 an eruption of Etna partly filled up the harbour, but spared the town, which was, however, almost entirely destroyed by the earthquake of 1693 . Since that See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe it has been rebuilt, and has not further suffered from its proximity to Etna . See A . Holm, Das alte Catania (See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, 1873) . (T .