CATHERINE  DE' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

MEDICI (1519-1589), See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the wife of one See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of three, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence in 1519 . She was a daughter of Lorenzo II. de' Medici and a French princess, Madeleine de la Tour d'See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne . Having lost both her parents at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, Catherine was sent to a See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent to be educated; and she was only fourteen when she was married (1533) at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, after-wards See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . It was her See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VII., who arranged the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I . Francis, still engaged in his lifelong task of making See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head against See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., was only too glad of the opportunity to strengthen his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, while Clement, ever needful of help against his too powerful See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, was equally ready to hold out a bait . During the reign of Francis, Catherine exercised no influence in France . She was See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, a foreigner, a member of a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that had almost no See also:

• WEIGHT

weight in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORLD

world of politics, had not given any See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of great ability, and was thrown into the shade by more important persons . For ten years after her marriage she had no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . In consequence, a See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce began to be talked of at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court; and it seemed not impossible that Francis, alarmed at the possible extinction of the royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, might listen to such a proposal . But Catherine had the happiness of bringing him grandchildren ere he died . During the reign of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, too (1547-1559), Catherine lived a quiet and passive, but observant See also:

• LIFE

life . Henry being completely under the influence of his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, Diane de See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, she had little authority .

In 1552, when the king See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom for the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• METZ

Metz, she was nominated See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, but with very limited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . This continued even after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of her son Francis II . Francis was under the spell of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, and she, little disposed to meddle with politics on her own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, was managed by her uncles, the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine and the duke of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise . The-queen-mother, however, soon See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew weary of the domination of the Guises; and entered upon a course of See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret -opposition . On the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April x56o she placed in the chancellorship See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel de l'Hopital (q.v.), who advocated the policy of conciliation . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Francis (5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 156o), Catherine became regent during the minority of her second son, Charles IX., and now found before her a career worthy of the most soaring ambition . She was then See also:

• FORTY

forty-one years old, but, although she was the mother of nine children, she was still very vigorous and active . She retained her influence for more than twenty years in the troubled See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . At first she listened to the moderate counsels of 1'HBpital in so far as to avoid siding definitely with either party, but her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and the habits of policy to which she had been accustomed, rendered her incapable of any See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble aim . She had only one virtue, and that was her zeal for the interests of her children, especially of her favourite third son, the duke of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou . Like so many of the Italians of that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, who were almost destitute of a moral sense, she looked upon statesmanship in particular as a career in which finesse, lying and assassination were the most admirable, because the most effective weapons . By See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, but above all things fond of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, she was determined to prevent the Protestants from getting the upper See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and almost equally resolved not to allow them to be utterly crushed, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to use them as a counterpoise to the Guises .

This trimming policy met with little success: rage and suspicion so possessed men's minds, that she could no longer See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the opposing parties, and one See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war followed another to the end of her life . In 1567, after the " Enterprise of See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux," she dismissed l'H6pital and joined the Catholic party . But, having failed to crush the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion by arms, she resumed in 1570 the policy of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and negotiation . She conceived the project of marrying her favourite son, the duke of Anjou, to Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and her daughter See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret to Henry of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . To this end she became reconciled with the Protestants, and allowed See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny to return to court and to re-enter the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . Of this step she quickly repented . Charles IX. conceived a great See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for the See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral and showed signs of taking up an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attitude . Catherine, thinking her influence menaced, sought to regain it, first by the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Coligny, and, when that had failed, by the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew (q.v.) . The whole of the responsibility for this See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, therefore, rests with Catherine; unlike the populace, she had not even the excuse of fanaticism . This responsibility, however, weighed but lightly on her; while her son was overwhelmed with remorse, she calmly enjoyed her See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . After the death of Charles in 1574, and the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of Anjou under the name of Henry III., Catherine pursued her old policy of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise and concessions; but as her influence is lost in that of her son, it is unnecessary to dwell upon it . She died on the 5th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1589, a short time before the assassination of Henry, and the consequent extinction of the House of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois .

In her See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

• ART

art and her love of magnificence and luxury, Catherine was a true Medici; her banquets at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau in 1564 were famous for their sumptuousness . In See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture especially she was well versed, and Philibert de 1'See also:

• ORME, ROBERT (1728-1801)

Orme relates that she discussed with him the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and decoration of her See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Tuileries . Catherine's policy provoked a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets,. the most celebrated being the Discours merveilleux de la See also:

• VIE

vie, actions et deportemens de la reine Catherine de Medicis, in which See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne undoubtedly collaborated . See Lettres de Catherine de Medicis, edited by See also:

• HECTOR

Hector de la Ferriere (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, '88o, seq.), in the Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France; A. von See also:

• REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887)

Reumont, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Jugend Caterinas de' Medici (1854; French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by A . Baschet, 1866); H . Bouchot, Catherine de Medicis (Paris, 1899) . For a more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete bibliography see Ernest See also:

• LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– )

Lavisse, Histoire de France (vol. v., by H . See also:

• LEMONNIER, ANTOINE LOUIS CAMILLE (1844– )
• LEMONNIER, PIERRE CHARLES (1715—1799)

Lemonnier, and vol. vi., by J . H . Mariejol, 1904-1905) . See also See also:

• MISS

Miss E . Sichel's books, Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformatioac (1905), and The Later Years of Catherine de' Medici (1908) .