See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, universal)  , a designation adopted in the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church to indicate Christendom as a whole, in contrast with individual churches . With this See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea went the notions that See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity had been diffused throughout the whole See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth by the apostles, and that only what was found everywhere throughout the church could be true . The See also:

• TERM

term thus in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time became full of dogmatic and See also:

• POLITICAL

political meaning, connoting, when applied to the church, a universal authoritative and orthodox society, as opposed to Gnostic and other " sects " (cf. the famous See also:

• CANON

canon of See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent of Lerins A.D . 434; quod ubique, quod See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

semper, quod ab See also:

• OMNIBUS (Lat. " for all ")

omnibus See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit um est) . The term " See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic " does not occur in the old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol; but See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Loofs includes it in his reconstruction, based on typical phrases in See also:

• COMMON

common use at the time of the ante-Nicene See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . In the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Nicene creed itself it does not occur; but in the creed of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (348), an amplification of the Nicene symbol, we find " one See also:

• HOLY

Holy Catholic Church," and in the revision by See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria (362) " Catholic and Apostolic Church " (see CREEDS) . Thus, though the word " Catholic " was See also:

• LATE

late in finding its way into the formal symbols of the church, it is clear that it had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been in use in the original sense defined above . It must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind, however, that the designation Catholic" was equally claimed by all the warring parties within the church at various times; thus, the followers of See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius and See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius alike called themselves Catholics, and it was only the ultimate victory of the latter that has reserved for them in See also:

• HISTORY

history the name of Catholic, and branded the former as Arian . With the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual development and stereotyping of the creed it was inevitable that the term " Catholic " should come to imply a more narrowly defined orthodoxy . In the Eastern churches, indeed, the conception of the church as the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of " the faith once delivered to the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints " soon overshadowed that of See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation and development by catholic consent, and, though they have throughout claimed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Catholic, their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory is that conveyed in the name of the Holy Orthodox Church . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, meanwhile, the growth of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the papacy had tended more and more to the interpretation of the word " catholic " as implying communion with, and obedience to, the see of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (see PAPACY); the churches of the East, no less than the heretical sects of the West, by repudiating this See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, had ceased to be Catholic . This See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of " Catholic " with " Roman " was accentuated by the progress of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation .

The Reformers themselves, indeed, like other dissidents and reformers before them, did not necessarily repudiate the name of Catholic; they believed, in fact, in catholicism, i.e. the universal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of their beliefs, as firmly as did the adherents of " the old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion "; they included the Catholic creeds, See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions formulated by the universal church, in their service books; they too appealed, as the fathers of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel and See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance had done, from the papal See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy to the See also:

• GREAT

great ecclesiastical See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . The Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England at least, emphasizing her own essential catholicity, retained in her See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient symbols the word" catholic " instead of replacing it by " universal." But the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the verbally inspired See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible was stronger than that to a church hopelessly divided; the Bible, and not the consent of the universal church, became the touchstone of the reformed orthodoxy; in the nomenclature of the time, " evangelical " arose in contradistinction to " Catholic," while, in popular parlance, the " protest of the Reformers against the " corruptions of Rome " led to the invention of the term " See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant," which, though nowhere assumed in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official titles of the older reformed churches, was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early used as a generic term to include them all . " Catholic " and " Catholicism " thus again changed and narrowed their meaning; they became, by universal usage, identified definitely with " Romanist " and the creed and obedience of Rome . Even in England, where the church retained most strongly the Catholic tradition, this distinction of " Protestant" and "Catholic" was clearly maintained, at least till the Catholic revival "in the Church of England of the 19th century . On the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent words (e.g . Ger . Katholik, Katholizismus; Fr. catholique, catholicisme) are even more definitely associated with Rome; they have lost the sense which they still convey to a considerable school of Anglicans . The dissident " Catholic " churches are forced to qualify their titles: they are " Old Catholics " (Alt-Katholiken) or " See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Catholics (See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

Deutsch-Katholiken) . The Church of Rome alone, officially and in popular parlance, is " the Catholic Church " (katholische Kirche, eglise catholique), a title which she proudly claims as exclusively her own, by divine right, by the sanction of immemorial tradition, and by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of her perpetual protest against the idea of " See also:

• NATIONAL

national " churches, consecrated by the Reformation (see CHURCH HISTORY, and ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH) . ' The additional qualification of " Roman she tolerates, since it proclaims her See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the see of Rome as the See also:

• KEYSTONE

keystone of Catholicism; but to herself she is "the Catholic Church," and her members are "Catholics." Yet to concede this claim and surrender without qualification the word " Catholic " to a See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation which is at best only universal in theory, is to beg several very weighty questions . The doctrine of the Catholic Church, i.e. the essential unity and interdependence of " all See also:

• GOD

God's faithful See also:

• PEOPLE

people scattered through-out the See also:

• WORLD

world," is common to all sections of Christians . The creed is one; it is the interpretation that differs .

In a somewhat narrower sense, too, the Church of England at least has never repudiated the conception of the Catholic Church as a divinely instituted organization for the safe-guarding and See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the Christian See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation . She deliberately retained the Catholic creeds, the Catholic See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry and the appeal to Catholic antiquity (see ENGLAND, CHURCH or) . A large See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of her members, accordingly, laying stress on this See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of her tradition, prefer to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves " Catholics." But, though the invention of the terms " Roman Catholic " and " Roman Catholicism " early implied the retention by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Church of her Catholic claim, her members were never, after the Reformation, called Catholics; even the See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline divines of the 17th century; for all their " popish practices," styled themselves Protestants, though they would have professed their adherence to the Catholic faith " and their belief in " the Holy Catholic Church." Clearly, then, the exact meaning of the term varies according to those who use it and those to whom it is applied . To the Romanist " Catholic " means " Roman Catholic "; to the high See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican it means whatever is common to the three " historic branches into which he conceives the church to be divided—Roman, Anglican and Orthodox; to the Protestant pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple it means either what it does to the Romanist, or, in expansive moments, simply what is " universal " to all Christians . In a yet broader sense it is used adjectivally of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere wideness or universality of view, as when we speak of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man as " of catholic sympathies " or " catholic in his tastes." The name of Catholic Epistles is given to those letters (two of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, three of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, one of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, one of See also:

• JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF

Jude) incorporated in the New Testament which (except 2 and 3 John) are not, like those of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, addressed to particular individuals or churches, but to a larger and more indefinite circle of readers . (See BIBLE: New Testament, Canon.) The title of Catholicus (ccaOoXtebs) seems to have been used under the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, though rarely, as the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek equivalent ofconsularis and praefectus . Thus See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (Inst. ecel. viii . 23) speaks of the catholicus of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (xaBoXacov Tns 'A4pu ei s) . As an ecclesiastical title it was used to imply, not universal (ecumenical), but a great and widespread See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . Thus the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the important see ofSeleucia (See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad), though subordinate to the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, had the title of Catholicus and power to consecrate even archbishops; and on the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the see there were two Catholici under the patriarch of Antioch . In See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, too, there were Catholici with less extensive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, subject to the patriarch of Alexandria . The title now survives, however, only as that of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Armenian Church (q.v.) .

A bishop's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral church is, how-ever, in Greek the Catholicon . An isolated use of the word " catholic " as a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular legal term survives in Scots See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; a catholic creditor is one whose See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt is secured over several or over all of the subjects belonging to the debtor .