See also:

• MARCUS

MARCUS PORCIUS See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• MARCUS PORCIUS CATO (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

CATO (234—149 B.c.)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman statesman, surnamed" The See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

Censor," Sapiens, See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus, or See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major (the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder), to distinguish him from See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato of See also:

• UTICA

Utica, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum . He came of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient plebeian See also:

• FAMILY

family, noted for some military services, but not ennobled by the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of the higher See also:

• CIVIL

civil offices . He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service . But, having attracted the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of L . See also:

• VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius See also:

• FLACCUS

Flaccus, he was brought to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and became successively See also:

• QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor (204), See also:

• AEDILE (Lat. aedilis)

aedile (199), See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor (198), and See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul (195) with his old See also:

• PATRON

patron . During his See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he vainly opposed the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the lex Oppia, passed during the Second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War to restrict luxury and extravagance on the See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• WOMEN

women . Meanwhile he served in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and took part in the crowning See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Zama (202) . He held a command in See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, where he first showed his strict public morality, and again in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, which he reduced to subjection with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, and gained thereby the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph (194) . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 191 he acted as military See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune in the war against See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus III. of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, and played an important part in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae, which finally delivered See also:

• GREECE

Greece from the encroachments of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . His reputation as a soldier was now established; hence-forth he preferred to serve the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, scrutinizing the conduct of the candidates for public honours and of generals in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . If he was not personally engaged in the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the Scipios (See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus and Asiaticus) for corruption, it was his spirit that animated the attack upon them . Even Africanus, who refused to reply to the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, saying only, " See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, this is the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on which I conquered See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal," and was absolved by See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation, found it necessary to retire self-banished to his See also:

• VILLA

villa at See also:

• LITERNUM

Liternum .

Cato's enmity dated from the See also:

• AFRICAN

African campaign when he quarrelled with Scipio for his lavish See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the spoil amongst the troops, and his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general luxury and extravagance . Cato had, however, a more serious task to perform in opposing the spread of the new Hellenic culture which threatened to destroy the rugged simplicity of the conventional Roman type . He conceived it to be his See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• MISSION

mission to resist this invasion . It was in the discharge of the censorship that this determination was most strongly exhibited, and hence that he derived the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title (the Censor) by which he is most generally distinguished . He revised with unsparing severity the lists of senators and knights, ejecting from either See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the men whom he judged unworthy of it, either on moral grounds or from their want of the prescribed means . The See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of L . Quinctius See also:

• FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINCTIUS (c. 228–174 B.C.)

Flamininus for wanton cruelty was an example of his rigid See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . His regulations against luxury were very stringent . He imposed a heavy taxupon See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal adornment, especially of women, and upon See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young slaves See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased as favourites . In 181 he supported the lex Orchia (according to others, he first opposed its introduction, and subsequently its repeal), which prescribed a limit to the number of guests at an entertainment, and in 169 the lex Voconia, one of the provisions of which was intended to check the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of an undue proportion of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth in the hands of women . Amongst other things he repaired the aqueducts, cleansed the sewers, prevented private persons See also:

• DRAWING

drawing off public See also:

• WATER

water for their own use, ordered the demolition of houses which encroached on the public way, and built the first See also:

• BASILICA

basilica in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum near the See also:

• CURIA

curia . He raised the amount paid by the publican for the right of farming the taxes, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time diminished the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract prices for the construction of public See also:

• WORKS

works .

From the date of his censorship (184) to his See also:

• DEATH

death in 149, Cato held no public office, but continued to distinguish himself in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate as the persistent opponent of the new ideas . He was struck with horror, along with many other Romans of the graver See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp, at the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence of the Bacchanalian mysteries, which he attributed to the fatal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners; and he vehemently urged the dismissal of the philosophers (See also:

• CARNEADES (214–129 B.C.)

Carneades, See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes and See also:

• CRITOLAUS

Critolaus), who came as ambassadors from See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the dangerous nature of the views expressed by them . He had a horror of physicians, who were chiefly Greeks . He procured the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius, the historian, and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-prisoners, contemptuously asking whether the senate had nothing more important to do than discuss whether a few Greeks should See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die at Rome or in their own See also:

• LAND

land . It was not till his eightieth year that he made his first acquaintance with Greek literature . Almost his last public See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was to urge his countrymen to the Third Punic War and the destruction of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage . In 157 he was one of the deputies sent to Carthage to arbitrate between the Carthaginians and See also:

• MASSINISSA (c. 238—149 B.C.)

Massinissa, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NUMIDIA

Numidia . The mission was unsuccessful and the commissioners returned home . But Cato was so struck by the evidences of Carthaginian prosperity that he was convinced that the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of Rome depended on the annihilation of Carthage . From this time, in See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season and out of season, he kept repeating the cry: " Delenda est Carthago." To Cato the individual See also:

• LIFE

life was a continual discipline, and public life was the discipline of the many . He regarded the individual householder as the germ of the family, the family as the germ of the state . By strict See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of time he accomplished an immense amount of See also:

• WORK

work; he exacted similar application from his dependents, and proved himself a hard See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, a strict See also:

• FATHER

father, a severe and cruel See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master .

There was little difference apparently, in the esteem in which he held his wife and his slaves; his See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride alone induced him to take a warmer See also:

• INTEREST

interest in his sons . To the Romans themselves there was little in this behaviour which seemed worthy of censure; it was respected rather as a traditional example of the old Roman manners . In the remarkable passage (xxxix . 40) in which See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy describes the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Cato, there is no word of blame for the rigid discipline of his See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household . Cato perhaps deserves even more notice as a See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man than as a statesman or a soldier . He was the first Latin See also:

• PROSE

prose writer of any importance, and the first author of a See also:

• HISTORY

history of Rome in Latin . His See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on agriculture (De Agricultura or De Re Rustica) is the only work by him that has been preserved; it is not agreed whether the work we possess is the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original or a later revision . It contains a See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous collection of rules of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good husbandry, conveying much curious See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information on the domestic habits of the Romans of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . His most important work, Origines, in seven books, related the history of Rome from its earliest See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations to his own day . It was so called from the second and third books, which described the rise of the different See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian towns . His speeches, of which as many as 150 were collected, were principally directed against the young See also:

• FREE

free-thinking and loose-principled nobles of the day . He also wrote a set of See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims for the use of his son (Praecepta ad Filium), and some rules for everyday life in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse (Carmen de Moribus) .

The collection of See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

proverbs in See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter verse, 536 extant under the name of Cato, probably belongs to the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . (See CATO, See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

DIONYSIUS.) AUTHoiuT1Xs.-There are lives of Cato by See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos, See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch and Aurelius See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor, and many particulars of his career and character are to be gathered from Livy and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . See also F D . Gerlach, See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Porcius Cato der Censor (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1869) ; G . Kurth, Caton l'ancien (See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges, 1872); J . Cortese, De M . Porcii Catonis vita, operibus, et lingua (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1883) ; F . Marcucci, Studio , critico sulle Opere di Catone it See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore (1902) . The best edition of the De Agricuhura is by H . Kell (1884-1891), of the fragments of the Origines by H . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter (1883) in Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenla, of the fragments generally by H . See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan (186o); see also J .

See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, Fragments and Specimens of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Latin (1874) ; M . Schanz, Geschichte der romischen Litter6.tur (1898) ; See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Greek and Roman See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography; See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. trans.), bk. iii. ch. xi and xiv.; Warde See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, Social Life at Rome (1909) .