See also:

• MARCUS

MARCUS PORCIUS See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• MARCUS PORCIUS CATO (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

CATO (95-46 B.c.)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman philosopher, called Uticensis to distinguish him from his See also:

• GREAT

great-grandfather, " the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

Censor." On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his parents he was brought up in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, M . Livius See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus . After fighting with distinction in the ranks against See also:

• SPARTACUS

Spartacus (72 B.c.), he became a military See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune (67), and served a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia, but he never had any See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for the military profession . On his return he became See also:

• QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor, and showed so much zeal and integrity in the management of the public accounts that he obtained a provincial See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment See also:

• ASIA

Asia, where he strengthened his reputation . Though filled with disgust at the corruption of the public men with whom he came in contact, he saw much to admire in the discipline which See also:

• LUCULLUS

Lucullus had en-forced in his own eastern command, and he supported his claims to a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, while he opposed the inordinate pretensions of See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey . When the favour of the nobles gained him the tribune-See also:

• SHIP

ship, he exerted himself unsuccessfully to convict L . See also:

• LICINIUS

Licinius See also:

• MURENA

Murena (2), one of their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief men, of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, who de-fended Murena, was glad to. have See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato's aid when he urged the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the Catilinarian conspirators . Cato's See also:

• VOTE

vote on this See also:

• MATTER

matter See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon him the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter resentment of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, who did his utmost to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save them . Cato had now become a great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Though possessed of little See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and no See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, his unfiinching See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution in the cause of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FREE

free state rendered him a valuable See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument in the hands of the nobles . He vainly opposed Caesar's candidature for the consulship in 59, and his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• BIBULUS

Bibulus, to prevent the passing of Caesar's proposed agrarian See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for distributing lands amongst the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic veterans, proved unsuccessful .

Nevertheless, although his efforts were ineffectual, he was still an obstacle of sufficient importance for the triumvirs to See also:

• DESIRE

desire to get rid of him . At the instigation of Caesar he was sent to See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus (58) with a See also:

• MISSION

mission to depose its See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy (See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Ptolemy Auletes), and annex the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . On his return two years later he continued to struggle against the combined See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the triumvirs in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and became involved in scenes of violence and See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot . He succeeded in obtaining the praetorship in 54, and strenuously exerted himself in the hopeless and thank-less task of suppressing bribery, in which all parties were equally interested . He failed to attain the consulship, and had made up his mind to retire from the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena of civic ambition when the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in 49 . Feeling that the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance for the free state See also:

• LAY

lay in conceding an actual supremacy to Pompey, whom he had formerly vigorously opposed, he did not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple to support the unjust See also:

• MEASURES

measures of the nobles against Caesar . At the outset of the war he was entrusted with the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, but finding it impossible to resist the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior forces of C . Scribonius See also:

• CURIO, OAIUS SCRIBONIUS

Curio, who had landed on the island, he joined Pompey at Dyrrhachium . When his chief followed Caesar to See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly he was See also:

• LEFT

left behind in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, and thus was not See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Pharsalus . Af ter the battle, when Pompey abandoned his party, he separated himself from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the republicans, and conducted a small remnant of their forces into See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . After his famous See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march through the Libyan deserts, he shut himself up in See also:

• UTICA

Utica, and even after the decisive defeat at See also:

• THAPSUS

Thapsus (46), in spite ofthe wishes of his followers, he determined to keep the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates eldsed till he had sent off his adherents by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . While the embarkation was in progress he continued See also:

• CALM

calm and dignified; when the last of the transports had left the See also:

• PORT

port he cheerfully dismissed his attendants, and soon afterwards stabbed himself .

He had been See also:

• READING

reading, we are told, in his last moments See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue on the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul, but his own See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy had taught him to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act upon a narrow sense of immediate See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty without regard to the future . He conceived that he was placed in the See also:

• WORLD

world to See also:

• PLAY

play an active See also:

• PART

part, and when disabled from carrying out his principles, to retire gravely from it . He had lived for the free state, and it now seemed his duty to perish with it . In politics he was a typical doctrinaire, abhorring See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise and obstinately See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind to the fact that his See also:

• NATIONAL

national ideal was a hopeless See also:

• ANACHRONISM (from ava, back, and xpovor, time)

anachronism . From the circumstances of his See also:

• LIFE

life and of his death, he has come to be regarded as one of the most distinguished of Roman philosophers, but he composed no See also:

• WORKS

works, and bequeathed to posterity no other instruction than that of his example . The only See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition by him which we possess is a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Cicero (Ad See also:

• FALK, JOHANN DANIEL (1768-1826)
• FALK, PAUL LUDWIG ADALBERT (1827-1900)

Falk. xv . 5), a polite refusal of the orator's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request that he would endeavour to procure him the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a triumph . The school of the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics, which took a leading part in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome under the earlier emperors, looked to him as its See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint and See also:

• PATRON

patron . It continued to wage war against the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, hardly less openly than Cato himself had done, for two centuries, till at last it became actually seated on the imperial See also:

• THRONE

throne in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius . Immediately after his death Cato's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character became the subject of discussion; Cicero's See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric Cato was answered by Caesar in his Anticato . See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus, dissatisfied with Cicero's See also:

• WORK

work, produced another on the same subject; in See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan Cato is represented as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of virtue and disinterestedness . See Life by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, and compare See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison's tragedy .

See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies by H . Wartmann (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1859), and F . D . Gerlach (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1866) ; C . W . See also:

• OMAN

Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen of the Later See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, Cato ... (1902) ; See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. trans.), bk. v. ch. v.; See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Classical See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography; Gaston See also:

• BOISSIER, MARIE LOUIS ANTOINE GASTON (1823—1908)

Boissier, Cicero and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends (Eng. trans., 1897), esp. pp . 277 See also:

• FOIL

foil.; Warde See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, Social Life at Rome (1909) .