See also:

• GAIUS

GAIUS See also:

• VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

VALERIUS See also:

• GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

CATULLUS (?84-J4 B.C.)  , the greatest lyric poet of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . As regards his names and the See also:

• DATES

dates of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and See also:

• DEATH

death, the most important See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness is that of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, in the continuation of the Eusebian See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, under the See also:

• YEAR

year 87 B.C., " See also:

• GAIUS

Gaius See also:

• VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus, scriptor lyricus Veronae nascitur," and under 57 B.C., Catullus See also:

• XXX

xxx. aetatis See also:

• ANNO, or HANNO, SAINT (c. Toro—ro75)

anno Romae moritur." There is no controversy a,s to the See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile name, Valerius . Suetonius, in his See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar (ch . 73), mentions the poet by the names " Valerium Catullum." Other persons who had the cognomen Catullus belonged to the See also:

• VALERIAN

Valerian gens, e.g . M . Valerius Catullus Messalinus, a del at or in the reign of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian, mentioned in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire of See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal (1 . 113) " Et cum mortifero prudens Veiento Catullo." See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions show, further, that Valerius was a See also:

• COMMON

common name in the native See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Catullus, and belonged to other inhabitants of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona besides the poet and his See also:

• FAMILY

family (See also:

• SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789–1875)

Schwabe, Quaestiones Calullianae, p . 27) . Scholars have been divided in See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to whether his praenomen was Gaius or See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus, and in the best See also:

• MSS

MSS. the See also:

• VOLUME

volume is called simply Catulli Veronensis See also:

• LIBER

liber . For Gaius we have the undoubted testimony, not only of Jerome, which rests on the much earlier authority of Suetonius. but also that of See also:

• APULEIUS, LUCIUS

Apuleius . In support of Quintus a passage was quoted from the Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 6, 81) .

But the praenomen Q. is omitted in the best MSS., and in other passages of the same author the poet is spoken of as " Catullus Veronensis." The See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake may have arisen from confusion with Q . See also:

• CATULUS

Catulus, the colleague of See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius in the Cimbric See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, himself also the author of lyrical poems . Allusions in the poems show that the date of his death given by Jerome (57 B.C.) is wrong, and that Catullus survived the second consulship of See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey (55 B.C.) (cf. lv . 6, cxiii . 2), and was See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

Food Consumed per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day . Dry . Digestible . Live Organic Albu- Fats . See also:

• CARBO

Carbo- Albuminoid See also:

• WEIGHT

Weight . See also:

• MATTER

Matter. minoid . Hydrates . Ratio .

Calves, growing, 2 to 3 months lb lb lb lb lb lb 150 3.3 o•6 o•30 2.1 I : 4.7 See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle „ 3 to 6 „ 300 7.0 I.o 0.3o 4.1 I : 5 6 to 12 „ 500 12.0 I.2 0.30 6.8 I : 6 I2 to 18 „ 700 16.8 I.4 0.28 9•I I : 7 i8 to 24 „ 850 20.4 1.4 0.26 10.3 I : 8 Oxen in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . 1000 27.5 0.7 0.15 8•o I : 12 „ fattening, 1st See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1000 27.0 2.5 0.50 15.o I : 65 „ „ 2nd period See also:

• I000

I000 26.0 3 0 0.70 14.8 I : 5.5 3rd period 1000 25.0 2.7 0.60 14.8 1 : 6 Milch cows 1000 24.0 2.5 0.40 12.5 I : 5.4 following year at the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of Vatinius by See also:

• LICINIUS

Licinius Calvus (cf. liii.) . The allusion in lii . 3 " Per consulatum peierat Vatinius," does not prove that Catullus must have lived to see the consulship bestowed on Vatinius in the end of 47 B.C. but only that Vatinius, after being See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor in 55 B.C., was in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of boasting of the certainty of his attaining the consulship, as See also:

• CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra was in the habit of confirming her most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn declarations by appealing to her See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of one day administering See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in the Capitol (cf . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt, " Quaestiones Catullianae," Opuscula, vol. i . 1875) . There is then nothing to prove that Catullus lived beyond the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of August 54 B.C . Some of the poems (as xxxvii. and lii.) may have been written during his last illness . If he died in 54 B.C. or See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 53 B.C., Catullus must either have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born later than 87 B.C., or have lived to a greater See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty . Catullus is described by See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid as " hedera iuvenalia cinctus Tempora " (Amor. iii . 9 . 61),—a description somewhat more suitable to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies in his thirtieth year than to one who dies three or four years later .

Further, the age at which a man dies is more likely to be accurately remembered than the particular date either of his death or of his birth, and the common practice of recording the age of the deceased in sepulchral inscriptions must have rendered a mistake about this less likely to occur . It seems, therefore, on the whole, most likely that Jerome's words " xxx. aetatis anno " are correct, and that Catullus was born in 84 B.C . The statement that he was born at Verona is confirmed by passages in Ovid and See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial . Pliny the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, who was born at See also:

• COMO (anc. Comum)
• COMO, LAKE OF (the Lacus Larius of the Romans, and so sometimes called LARIO to the present day, though in the 4th century it is already termed Lacus Comacinus)

Como, speaks of Catullus in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his Natural History, as his " countryman " (conterraneus), and the poet speaks of Verona as his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, or at least his temporary See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, in more than one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . His occasional residence in his native place is further attested by the statement of Suetonius (Julius Caesar, 73), that " Julius Caesar accepted the poet's See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for his scurrilous verses upon him, invited him to dine with him on the same day, and continued his intimacy with his See also:

• FATHER

father as before." As this incident could only have happened during the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that Julius Caesar was See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of it must have been in the Cisalpine province, and at the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the poet's father, in or near Verona . The verses apologized for were those contained in poems See also:

• XXIX

xxix. and lvii., the former of which must have been written after Caesar's invasion of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, so that this interview probably took place in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 55–54 B.C . The fact that his father was the See also:

• HOST

host of the See also:

• GREAT

great pro-consul, and lived on terms of intimacy with him, justifies the inference, that he was, in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal men of the province . The only other important statement concerning the poet's life which rests on external authority is that of Apuleius, that the real name of the Lesbia of the poems was See also:

• CLODIA, VIA

Clodia . Another, which concerns the reputation which he enjoyed after his death, is given in the Life of See also:

• ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS (109–32 B.c.)

Atticus by See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos (12.4) . It is to the effect that he regarded See also:

• LUCRETIUS (TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS) (c. 98–55 B.C.)

Lucretius and Catullus as the two greatest poets of his own time . The poems of Catullus consist of rs6 pieces, varying in length from 2 to 408 lines, the great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of them being, however, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short pieces, written in lyric, See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic or elegiac See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre . The arrangement cannot be the poet's; it is neither See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological nor in accordance with the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the topics .

The shorter poems, lyric or iambic, are placed first, next the longer epithalamia, (most being written in hexameters) amongst which the See also:

• ATTIS

Attis is inserted and then those written in the elegiac metre . But, though no chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is observed, yet See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence enables us to determine the occasions on which many of the poems were written, and the order in which they followed one another . They give a very vivid See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of various phases of the poet's life, and of the strong feelings with which persons and things affected him . They throw much See also:

• LIGHT

light also on the social life of Rome and of the provincial towns of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the years preceding the outbreak of the second See also:

• CIVIL

civil war . In this respect they may be compared with the letters of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . The poems extend over a period of seven or eight years, from 6x or 62 till 54 B.C . Among the earliest are those which recordthe various stages of the author's See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for Lesbia . It is in connexion with this passion that he is generally mentioned, or alluded to, by the later See also:

• ROMAN

Roman poets, such as See also:

• PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

Propertius, Ovid, Juvenal and Martial . Her real name, as we learn from Apuleius, was Clodia . The admiration of Catullus for See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho, the Lesbian poetess, which is clearly indicated by the See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of her See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in his fifty-first and sixty-second poems, affords an obvious explanation of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek name which he gave to his Roman See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress . Clodia was the notorious See also:

• SISTER

sister of Publius See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius Pulcher, and in the year 56 she charged M . Caelius See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus, after tiring of him, as she had of Catullus, with an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• POISON

poison her .

It was in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Rufus that Cicero described the spell she exercised over young men, in language which might have been applied to her previous relations with the youthful poet, as well as those with the youthful orator and politician . Poems concerning Lesbia occur among both the earliest and the latest of those contained in the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . They See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record the various stages of passion through which Catullus passed, from See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute devotion and a secure sense of returned See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, through the various conditions of distrust and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, attempts at renunciation, and short-lived " amoris integrationes," through the " odi et amo " See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and the later state of See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage indignation against both Lesbia and his rivals, and especially against Caelius Rufus, till he finally attains, not without much suffering and loss, the last state of scornful indifference . Among the earliest of the poems connected with Lesbia, and among those written in the happiest vein, are ii. and iii., and v. and vii . The 8th, " See also:

• MISER

Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire," perhaps the most beautiful of them all, expresses the first awakening of the poet to a sense of her unworthiness, before the gentler have given place to the fiercer feelings of his nature . His final renunciation is sent in a poem written after his return from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, with a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of imaginative and scornful See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, to his two butts, Furius and Aurelius (xi., " Furi et Aureli, comites Catulli "), who, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge by the way Catullus writes of them, appear to have been hangers-on upon him, who repaid the pecuniary and other favours they received by giving him grounds for jealousy, and making imputations on his character (cf. xv., xvi., xviii., The intrigue of Caelius Rufus with Lesbia began in 59 or 58 B.c . It was probably in the earlier stages of this liaison that the 68th poem was written, from which it appears that Catullus, at the time living at Verona, and grieving for the See also:

• RECENT

recent death of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother in the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad, had heard of Lesbia's infidelity, and, in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of her previous faithlessness in his favour, was not inclined to resent it very warmly . Two other poems in the series See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the grief which Catullus See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt for the death of his brother,—one, the 65th, addressed to the orator See also:

• HORTENSIUS, QUINTUS
• HORTENSIUS, QUINTUS (114—50 B.C.)

Hortensius, who is there, as in some of Cicero's letters, called Hortalus or Ortalus, and sent to him along with the See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

Coma Berenices (lxvi.), a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of a famous See also:

• ELEGY

elegy of See also:

• CALLIMACHUS

Callimachus . The other poem referring to this event (ci.) must have been composed some years later, probably in 56 B.c., when Catullus visited his brother's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb in the Troad, on his return from See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia . Between 59 and 57 B.C. most of the lampoons on Lesbia and her numerous lovers must have been written (e.g. xxxvii., xxxix., &c.) . Some, too, of the poems expressive of his more See also:

• TENDER

tender feelings to her, such as viii, and lxxvi. belong also to these years; and among the poems written either during this period or perhaps in the early and happier years of his liaison, some of the most charming of his shorter pieces, expressing the affection for his young See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends Verannius and Fabullus (ix., xii., xiii.), may be included . In the year 57 the routine of his life was for a short time broken by his accompanying the propraetor C .

See also:

• MEMMIUS, GAIUS (incorrectly called Gemellus, " The Twin ")

Memmius, the friend to whom Lucretius dedicates his great poem, as one of his See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, to the province of Bithynia . His See also:

• OBJECT

object was probably to better his fortunes by this See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from Rome, as humorous complaints of poverty and See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt (xiii., See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.) show that his See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary means were insufficient for his mode of life . He frankly acknowledges the disappointment of these hopes, and still more' frankly his disgust with his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief (x., See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii.) . Some of the most charming and perfect among the shorter poems express the delight with which the poet changed the dulness and sultry See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the province for the freedom and keen enjoyment of his voyage home in his yacht, built for him at Amastris on the Euxine, and for the beauty and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of his See also:

• VILLA

villa on the shores of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Benacus, which welcomed him home wearied with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign travel." To this period and to his first return to Rome after his visit to his native See also:

• DISTRICT

district belong the poems xlvi., ci., iv., xxxi. and x., all showing by their freshness of feeling and vivid truth of expression the gain which the poet's nature derived from his temporary See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the passions, distractions and animosities of -Roman society . Two poems, written in a very genial and joyous spirit, and addressed to his younger friend Licinius Calvus (xiv. and 1.), who is ranked as second only to himself among the lyrical poets of the age, and whose youthful promise pointed him out as likely to become one of the greatest of Roman orators, may, indeed, with most See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability be assigned to these later years (xiv.) . From the expression " Odissem to odio Vatiniano," in the third See also:

• LINE

line of xiv., it may be inferred that the poem was written not earlier than See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December (the " Saturnalia ") of the year 56 B.C., as it was early in that year, as we learn from a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of Cicero to his brother Quintus (ii . 4. i), that Calvus first announced his intention of prosecuting Vatinius . The short poem numbered HE. would be written in August 54 B.C . The poems which have See also:

• LEFT

left the greatest stain on the fame of Catullus—those " referta contumeliis Caesaris," the licentious abuse of Mamurra, and probably some of those See also:

• PERSONAL

personal scurrilities addressed to See also:

• WOMEN

women as well as men, or too See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank confessions, which posterity would willingly have let See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die, may well have been written in the last years of his life, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the bitterness and recklessness induced by his experience . It cannot be determined with certainty whether the longer and more See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic pieces, which occupy the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the volume—the Epithalamiumin celebra tion of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of ManliusTorquatus, the 62nd poem, written in imitation of the Epithalamia of Sappho, " Vesper adest: iuvenes, consurgite "; the Attis, and the Epic Idyll representing the marriage festival of See also:

• PELEUS

Peleus and See also:

• THETIS

Thetis —belong to the earlier or the later period of the poet's career . If the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person addressed in the first See also:

• PART

part of the 68th is the See also:

• MANLIUS

Manlius of the See also:

• EPITHALAMIUM (Gr. hirl, at or upon, and BhXayos, a nuptial chamber)

Epithalamium, and the lines from 3 to 8 " Naufragum ut eiectum pervigilat," refer to the death of Vinia, it would follow that the first Epithalamium was written some time before that poem, and thus belongs to the earlier time . While the See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of Sappho, " Ille mi See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par esse deo videtur," and of Callimachus (1xvi.), " Omnia qui magni dispexit lumina mundi," belong to the earlier period, the Attis and the Peleus and Thetis; although perhaps suggested by the treatment of the same or similar subjects in .

Greek authors, are executed with such power and originality as declare them to be products of the most vigorous See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the development of the poet's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . That his genius came soon to maturity is a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for hesitation in assigning any particular time between 6z and 54 B.C. for the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Attis and of that part of the Epithalamium (" Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus ") which deals with the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main subject of the poem . But the See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of See also:

• MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE (1819-1885)
• MUNRO, MUNRO
• MUNRO, SIR HECTOR (1726-1805)
• MUNRO, SIR THOMAS (1761-1827)

Munro in his edition of Lucretius, which shows similarities of expression that cannot be See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere casual coincidences, between the Ariadneepisode in the Epithalamium of Catullus (from line 52 to 266) and the poem of Lucretius, leaves little doubt that that portion at least of the poem was written after the publication of the De serum natura, in the winter of 5554 B.C . No See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient author has left a more vivid impression of himself on his writings than Catullus . Coming to Rome in early youth from a distant province, not at that time included within the limits of Italy, he lived as an equal with the men of his time of most intellectual activity and refinement, as well as of highest social and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence . Among those to whom his poems are addressed, or who are mentioned in them, we find the names of Hortensius, Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Licinius Calvus, Helvius See also:

• CINNA
• CINNA, GAIUS HELVIUS

Cinna and Asinius See also:

• POLLIO, GAIUS ASINIUS (76 B.C.–A.D. 5; according to some, 75 B.C.–A.D. 4)

Pollio, then only a youth (xii . 8) . Catullus brought into this circle the genius of a great poet, .the socialvivacity of a vigorous nature, the simplicity and sincerity of an unambitious, and the warmth of an affectionate disposition . He betrays all the sensitiveness of the poetic temperament, but it is never the sensitiveness of vanity, for he is characterized by the modesty rather than the self-confidence which accompanies genius, but the sensitiveness of a See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart which gives and expects more sympathy and See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty in friendship than the See also:

• WORLD

world either wants or cares to give in return . He shows also in some of his lighter pieces the fastidiousness of a refined See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, intolerant of all boorishness, pedantry, affectation and sordid ways of life . The passionate intensity of his temperament displays itself with similar strength in the outpourings of his animosity as of his love and affection . It was, unfortunately, the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the time to employ in the expression of these animosities a See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence of speech and of imputation which it is difficult for men living under different social conditions to understand, still more difficult to tolerate .

Munro has examined the 29th poem— " Quis hoc potest videre, quis potest pati," the longest and most important of the lampoons on Caesar and Mamurra, and shown with much learning and acuteness the motives and intention of Catullus in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing them . Had Julius Caesar really believed, as Suetonius, writing two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years afterwards, says he did, that " an eternal stigma had been See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon him by the verses concerning Mamurra, we should scarcely apply the word magnanimity to his condonation of the offence . But these verses survive as a memorial not of any See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal •affecting Julius Caesar which could possibly have been believed by • his contemporaries, but of the licence of speech which was then indulged in, of the jealousy with which the younger members of the Roman See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, who a little later fought on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Pompey, at that time regarded the ascendancy both of the father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and the son-in-law," and the social See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of some of their See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, and also, to a certain extent, of the deterioration which the frank and generous nature of Catullus underwent from the passions which wasted, and the faithlessness which marred his life . The great age of Latin See also:

• POETRY

poetry extends from about the year 6oB.e. till the death of Ovid in 17 A.D . There are three marked divisions in this period, each with a distinct character of its own: the first represented by Lucretius and Catullus, the second by See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, the last by Ovid . Force and sincerity are the great characteristics of the first period, maturity of See also:

• ART

art of the second, facility of•the last . The educating influence of Greek art on the Roman mind was first fully experienced in the Ciceronian age, and none of his contemporaries was so susceptible of that influence as Catullus . With the susceptibility to art h( combined a large See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the vigorous and genial qualities of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• RACE

race . ' Like most of his younger contemporaries, he studied in the school of the Alexandrine poets, with whom the favourite subjects of art were the passion of love, and stories from the Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, which admitted of being treated in a spirit similar to that in which they celebrated their own experiences . It was under this influence that Catullus wrote the Coma Berenices, the 68th poem, which, after the manner of the Alexandrines, interweaves the old See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of See also:

• PROTESILAUS

Protesilaus and Laodamia with the personal experiences of the poet himself, and the Epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis, which combines two pictures from the Greek mythology, one of the secure happiness of marriage, the other of the passionate despair of love betrayed . In this last poem Catullus displays a power of creative pictorial See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination far transcending that displayed in any of the extant poetry of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . ' We have no means of determining what suggested the subject of the Allis to Catullus, whether the previous treatment of the subject by some Greek writer, some survival of the myth which he found still existing during his residence among the " Phrygii See also:

• CAMPI, GIULIO (1500-1572)

Campi," or the growth of various forms of Eastern• superstition and fanaticism, at Rome, in the last age of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic .

Whatever may have been its origin, it is the finest specimen we possess, in either Greek or Latin literature, of that See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of short poem more common in See also:

• MODERN

modern than ancient times, in which some situation or passion entirely See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to the writer, and to his own 'age, is realized with dramatic intensity . But the genius of Catullus is, perhaps, even happier in the See also:

• DIRECT

direct expression of personal feeling than in artistic creation, or the See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of tales and situations from mythology . The warmth, intensity and sincerity of his own nature are the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration in these poems . The most elaborate and one of the finest of them is the Epithalamium in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the marriage of a member of the old house of Manlius Torquatus with Vinia Aurunculeia, written in the See also:

• GLYCONIC (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet)

glyconic in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with the pherecratean metre . To this metre Catullus imparts a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar lightness and See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace by making the trochee, instead of the spondee as in Horace's glyconics and pherecrateans, the first See also:

• FOOT

foot in the line . His elegiac metre is constructed with less smoothness and regularity than that of Ovid and See also:

• TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus or even of Propertius, but as employed by him it gives a true See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo to the serious and plaintive feelings of some of his poems, while it adapts itself, as it did later in the hands of Martial, to the epigrammatic terseness of his invective . But the perfection of the art of Catullus is seen in his employment of those metres which he adapted to the Latin See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue from the earlier poets of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, the pure iambic trimeter, as in iv . " Phaselus ille quem videtis hospites," the scazon iambic, employed in viii. and xxxi . " Paeninsularum, See also:

• SIRMIO

Sirmio, insularumque," and the phalecian hendecasyllabic, a slight modification of the Sapphic line, which is his favourite metre for the expression of his more joyful moods, and of his lighter satiric vein . The Latin language never flowed with such ease, freshness and purity as in these poems . Their perfection consists in the entire absence of all See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of effort or reflection, and in the fulness of life and feeling, which gives a lasting See also:

• INTEREST

interest and See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm to the most trivial incident of the passing See also:

• HOUR

hour . In reference to these poems Munro has said with truth and force: " A See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation had yet to pass before the heroic attained to its perfection; while he (Catullus) had already produced glyconics, phalecians and iambics, each ` one entire and perfect See also:

• CHRYSOLITE

chrysolite,' ` cunningest patterns' of excellence, such as See also:

• LATIUM

Latium never saw before or after,—See also:

• ALCAEUS (Ar earos)

Alcaeus, Sappho, and the rest then and only then having met their match." The See also:

• WORK

work of Catullus has not come down to us intact, as is shown by lacunae and quotations in ancient writers which cannot now be found in his poems .

Out of the MSS. only three have claims to See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic importance . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and best appears to be the Bodleian (See also:

• CANON

Canon . 30) . But little inferior is the Sangermanensis (Par . 14137) . Of the third, the See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus, we shall be better able to judge when its discoverer, Prof . W . G . See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale, has published his See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation . None of these MSS. are older than the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . One poem, 62, is, however, preserved in a MS. of the 9th century (the Thuaneus, Par . 8071) .

Prof . R . See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis's See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the Bodleian MS. and E . Baehrens's recognition of its value opened a new See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in the history of the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . Ellis's contributions comprise an indispensable commentary (ed . 2, 1889), an elaborate See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition (ed . 2, 1878) and an See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation (1871) in the metres of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . The text in the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford series, published in 1905, is inferior to those specified below . Baehrens's edition, 2 volumes (text 1876, the second edition by K . P . Schulze is a misnomer; and Latin commentary 1885) is still of value . Amongst other See also:

• EDITIONS

editions with critical or explanatory notes or both may be mentioned those of A .

Riese (1884), L . Schwabe (1886, with See also:

• INDEX

index verborum), B . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt (1887), J . P . Postgate (1889, text differing little from that in the new Corpus Poetarune), E . Benoist and E . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, with See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French translation by See also:

• ROSTAND, EDMOND (1869- )

Rostand (2 vols., 1882-189o), S . G . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen (1893, an edition de luxe), W . T . See also:

• MERRILL

Merrill (1893, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, U.S.A., with succinct English notes), A . See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer (1896, one of the best of this See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar's See also:

• WORKS

works) M .

Haupt's text of the three poets Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius, edited by J . Vahlen, reached its See also:

• SIXTH

sixth edition in 1904 . Of the numerous contributions to the textual and See also:

• LITERARY

literary criticism of the poems may be named the papers in M . Haupt's Opuscula, L . Schwabe's Quaestiones Catullianae (1862), B . Schmidt's Prolegomena, H . A.J Munro's Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus (1878; second edition by J . D . See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff, 1905) . Translations into English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse by J . Cranstoun (1867), See also:

• SIR

Sir T . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin (1861, 1876), R .

Ellis (above) ; a recent version in See also:

• PROSE

prose with the Latin text by F . W, Cornish (1904) . For further See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information see See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel's History of Roman Literature (tr. by Warre), § 214, or the more recent accounts by M . Schanz, Geschichte der romischen Litteratur, i . §§ 102-106, and See also:

• FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898)

Frederic Plessis, LaPoesie latine (1909), PP . 143-173 . (W . Y .