See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON AUGUSTIN See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• BARON AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY (1789-1857)

CAUCHY (1789-1857)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 21st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1789, and died at Sceaux (See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine) on the 23rd of May 1857 . Having received his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education from his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois See also:

• CAUCHY, AUGUSTIN LOUIS, BARON (1789-1857)

Cauchy (176o-1848), who held several See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor public appointments and counted See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange and See also:

• LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON, MARQUIS DE (1749—1827)

Laplace among his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, Cauchy entered Ecole Centrale du See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon in 1802, and proceeded to the Ecole Polytechnique in 18o5, and to the Ecole See also:

• DES

des Ponts et Chaussees in 1807 . Having adopted the profession of an engineer, he See also:

• LEFT

left Paris for See also:

• CHERBOURG

Cherbourg in 181o, but returned in 1813 on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• HEALTH

health, whereupon Lagrange and Laplace persuaded him to renounce See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and to devote himself to See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . He obtained an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment at the Ecole Polytechnique, which, however, he relinquished in 1830 on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Louis Philippe, finding it impossible to take the necessary oaths . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short sojourn at See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland was followed by his appointment in 1831 to the newly-created See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of mathematical physics at the university of See also:

• TURIN

Turin . In 1833 the deposed See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X. summoned him to be See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, an appointment which enabled Cauchy to travel and thereby become acquainted with the favourable impression which his investigations had made . Charles created him a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron in return for his services . Returning to Paris in 1838, he refused a proffered chair at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, but in 1848, the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath having been suspended, he resumed his See also:

• POST

post at the $tole Polytechnique, and when the oath was reinstituted after the coup d'etat of 1851, Cauchy and See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago were exempted from it . A profound mathematician, Cauchy exercised by his perspicuous and rigorous methods a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over his contemporaries and successors . His writings See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the entire range of mathematics and mathematical physics . Cauchy had two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers: See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

ALEXANDRE See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

LAURENT (1792-1857), who became a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal in 1847, and .a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the court of cassation in 1849; and See also:

• EUGENE

EUGENE FRANCOIS (1802-1877), a publicist who also wrote several mathematical See also:

• WORKS

works . The See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of Cauchy was promised in his See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem of See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius, i.e. to describe a circle touching three given circles, which he discovered in 1805, his generalization of See also:

• EULER, LEONHARD (1707-1783)

Euler's theorem on polyhedra in 1811, and in several other elegant problems .

More important is his memoir on See also:

• WAVE

wave-See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation which obtained the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Prix of the Institut in 1816 . His greatest contributions to mathematical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science are enveloped in the rigorous methods which he introduced . These are mainly embodied in his three great See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole Polytechnique (1821); Le Calcul infinitesimal (1823) ; Lecons sur See also:

• LES

les applications du'calcul infinitesimal d la geometrie (1826–1828) ; and also In his courses of See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics (for the Ecole Polytechnique), higher See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra (for the Faculte de Sciences), and of mathematical physics (for the College de France) His treatises and contributions to scientific See also:

• JOURNALS

journals (tto the numbei of 789) contain investigations on the theory of See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (where he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed with perspicuous skill the notion of convergency), on thr theory of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and complex quantities, the theory of See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and substitutions, the theory of functions, See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential equations and determinants . He clarified the principles of the calculus by developing them with the aid of limits and continuity, and was the first to prove See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor's theorem rigorously, establishing his well-known See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder . In mechanics, he made many researches, substituting the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements for the principle of the continuity of See also:

• MATTER

matter . In See also:

• OPTICS

optics, he developed the wave theory, and his name is associated with the simple See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula . In See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity, he originated the theory of stress, and his results are nearly as valuable as those of S . D . See also:

• POISSON, SIMEON DENIS (1781-1840)

Poisson . His collected works, (Euvres completes d'Augustin Cauchy, have been published in 27 volumes . See C . A .

Valson, Le Baron Augustin Cauchy: sa See also:

• VIE

vie et ses travaux (Paris, 1868) .