See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• CAVALIER
• JEAN CAVALIER (1681-1740)

CAVALIER (1681-1740)  , the famous See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• CAMISARDS (from camisade, obsolete Fr. for " a night attack," from the Ital. camiciata, formed from camicia—Fr. chemise—a shirt, from the fact of a shirt being worn over the armour in order to distinguish friends from foes)

Camisards (q.v.), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Mas Roux, a small See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet in the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of Ribaute near Anduze (See also:

• GARD

Gard), on the 28th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1681 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, an illiterate See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant, had been compelled by persecution to become a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic along with his See also:

• FAMILY

family, but his See also:

• MOTHER

mother brought him up secretly in the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant faith . In his boyhood he became a shepherd, and about his twentieth See also:

• YEAR

year the was apprenticed to a See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

baker . Threatened with See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution for his religious opinions he went to See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, where he passed the year 1701; he returned to the See also:

• CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of the Camisards, who by the See also:

• MURDER

murder of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe du Chayla at See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont-de-Monvert on the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 24th of See also:

• JULY

July 1702 raised the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of revolt . Some months later he became their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . He showed himself possessed of an extraordinary See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• VILLARS, CLAUDE LOUIS HECTOR DE, PRINCE DE

Villars paid him the high compliment of saying that he was as courageous in attack as he was prudent in See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, and that by his extraordinary knowledge of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country he displayed in the management of his troops a skill as See also:

• GREAT

great as that of the ablest See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . Within a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of two years he was to hold in check See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie and Marshal Montrevel, generals of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and to carry on one of the most terrible See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan See also:

• WARS

wars in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HISTORY

history . He organized the Camisard forces and maintained the most severe discipline . As an orator he derived his See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration from the prophets of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, and raised the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of his See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude mountaineers to a See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch so high that they were ready to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die with their See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young leader for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience . Each See also:

• BATTLE

battle increased the terror of his name . On See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day 1702 he dared to hold a religious See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at the very See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• ALAIS

Alais, and put to See also:

• FLIGHT

flight the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia which came forth to attack him . At Vagnas, on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1703, he routed the royal troops, but, defeated in his turn, he was compelled to find safety in flight .

But he reappeared, was again defeated at Tour de See also:

• BELLOT, JOSEPH RENE (1826–1853)

Bellot (See also:

• APRIL

April 30), and again recovered himself, recruits flocking to him to fill up the places of the slain . By a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of successes he raised his reputation to the highest pitch, and gained the full confidence of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It was in vain that more rigorous See also:

• MEASURES

measures were adopted against the Camisards . See also:

• CAVALIER
• CAVALIER, JEAN (1681-1740)

Cavalier boldly carried the war into the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, made terrible See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals, and threatened even See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes itself . On the 16th of April 1704 he encountered Marshal Montrevel himself at the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of Nages, with See also:

• I000

i000 men against 5000, and, though defeated after a desperate conflict, he made a successful retreat with two-thirds of his men . It was at this moment that Marshal Villars, wishing to put an end to the terrible struggle, opened negotiations, and Cavalier was induced to attend a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at Pont d'Avene near Alais on the I1th of May 1704, and on the 16th of May he made submission at Nimes . These negotiations, with the proudest monarch in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, he carried on, not as a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel, but as the leader of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which had waged an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable war . Louis XIV. gave him a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission as See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, which Villars presented to him personally, and a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 1200 livres . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he authorized the formation of a Camisard See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment for service in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain under his command . Before leaving the Cevennes for the last time he went to Alais and to Ribaute, followed by an immense concourse of people . But Cavalier had not been able to obtain liberty of conscience, and his Camisards almost to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke forth in wrath against him, reproaching him for what they described as his treacherous See also:

• DESERTION

desertion . On the 21St of See also:

• JUNE

June 1704, with a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred Camisards who were still faithful to him, he departed from Nimes and came to Neu-Brisach (See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace), where he was to be quartered .

From See also:

• DIJON

Dijon he went on to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where Louis XIV. gave.him See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience and heard his explanation of the revolt of the Cevennes . Returning to Dijon, fearing to be imprisoned in the fortress of Neu-Brisach, he escaped with his See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop near See also:

• MONTBELIARD

Montbeliard and took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne . But he was too much of a soldier to abandon the career of arms . He offered his services to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and with his Camisards made war in the Val d'See also:

• AOSTA (anc. Augusta Praetoria Salassorum)

Aosta . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace he crossed to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he formed a regiment of refugees which took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish expedition under the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough and See also:

• SIR

Sir, Cloudesley See also:

• SHOVEL (O.E. scoff, from root of scufan, to shove, push, cf. Ger. Schaufel, also Schiippe, scoop)
• SHOVEL, SIR CLOUDESLEY [or CLOWDISLEY SHOVELL as he seems to have spelt the name himself] (c. 1650-1707)

Shovel in May 1705 . At the battle of See also:

• ALMANSA, or ALMANZA

Almansa the Camisards found themselves opposed to a French regiment, and without firing the two bodies rushed one upon the other . Cavalier wrotelater (July ro, 1707): " The only See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation that remains to me is that the regiment I had the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to command never looked back, but sold its See also:

• LIFE

life dearly on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of battle . I fought as long as a man stood beside me and until See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers overpowered me, losing also an immense quantity of See also:

• BLOOD

blood from a dozen wounds which I received." Marshal See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick never spoke of this tragic event without visible emotion . On his return to England a small pension was given him and he settled at See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, where he published See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Wars of the Cevennes under See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . Cavalier, written in French and translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English with a See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret (1726) . Though Cavalier received, no doubt, assistance in the publication of the Memoirs, it is none the less true that he provided the materials, and that his See also:

• WORK

work is the most valuable source for the history of his life . He was made a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1735, and on the 25th of May 1738 was appointed See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey .

See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Writing in the following year (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 26, 1739) he says: " I am overworked and weary; I am going to take the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters in England so as to be in a See also:

• FIT

fit See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition for the war against the Spaniards if they reject counsels of prudence." He was promoted to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general on the 2nd of July 1739, and died in the following year . In the parochial See also:

• REGISTER

register of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke's, See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea, there is an entry: " See also:

• BURIAL

Burial A.D . 1740, May 18, Brigadier See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Cavalier." There is a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story which represents him as the fortunate See also:

• RIVAL

rival of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire for the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of Olympe, daughter of Madame Dunoyer, author of the Lettres galantes . During his stay in England he married the daughter of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain de Ponthieu and See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite de la Rochefoucauld, refugees living at See also:

• PORTARLINGTON

Portarlington . See also:

• MALESHERBES, CHRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE (1721-1794)

Malesherbes, the courageous defender of Louis XVI., bears the following eloquent testimony to this young See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the Cevennes:—" I confess," he says, " that this See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, who, without ever having served, found himself by the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of nature a great general, —this Camisard who was bold to punish a See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime in the presence of a fierce troop which maintained itself by little crimes—this coarse peasant who, when admitted at twenty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age into the society of cultivated people, caught their See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and won their love and esteem, this man who, though accustomed to a stormy life, and having just cause to be proud of his success, had yet enough See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in him by nature to enjoy for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five years a tranquil private life-appears to me to be one of the rarest characters to be found in history." For a more detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account see F . Puaux, See also:

• VIE

Vie de See also:

• JEAN

Jean Cavalier (1868); See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David C . A . See also:

• AGNEW, DAVID HAYES (1818–1892)

Agnew, Protestant Exiles from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, ii . 54-66 (Loud., 1871) ; Charvey, Jean Cavalier: nouveaux documents inedits (1884) . See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

Sue popularized the name of the Camisard chief in Jean Cavalier ou See also:

• LES

les fanatiques See also:

• DES

des Cevennes (1840) . (F .